Compositions and methods for inhibiting expression of a target gene

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) having a nucleotide sequence which is substantially identical to at least a part of a target gene and which is no more than 49, preferably less than 25, nucleotides in length, and which comprises a complementary (antisense) RNA strand having a 1 to 4 nucleotide overhang at the 3′-end and a blunt 5′-end. The invention further relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the dsRNA and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The pharmaceutical compositions are useful for inhibiting the expression of a target gene, as well as for treating diseases caused by expression of the target gene, at low dosages (i.e., less than 5 milligrams, preferably less than 25 micrograms, per kg body weight per day). The invention also relates to methods for inhibiting the expression of a target gene, as well as methods for treating diseases caused by the expression of the gene.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of International Application No. PCT/EP02/00152, which designated the United States and was filed on Jan. 9, 2002, which claims the benefit of German Patent No. 101 00 586.5, filed on Jan. 9, 2001, German Patent No. 101 55 280.7, filed on Oct. 26, 2001, German Patent No. 101 58 411.3, filed Nov. 29, 2001, and German Patent No. 101 60 151.4, filed Dec. 7, 2001. The entire teachings of the above application(s) are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] This invention relates to double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA), and its use in mediating RNA interference in vitro and in vivo.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Many diseases (e.g., cancers, hematopoietic disorders, endocrine disorders, and immune disorders) arise from the abnormal expression or activity of a particular gene or group of genes. Similarly, disease can result through expression of a mutant form of protein, as well as from expression of viral genes that have been integrated into the genome of their host. The therapeutic benefits of being able to selectively silence these abnormal or foreign genes is obvious.

[0004] A number of therapeutic agents designed to inhibit expression of a target gene have been developed, including antisense ribonucleic acid (RNA) (see, e.g., Skorski, T. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1994) 91:4504-4508) and hammerhead-based ribozymes (see, e.g., James, H. A, and I. Gibson, Blood (1998) 91:371). However, both of these agents have inherent limitations. Antisense approaches, using either single-stranded RNA or DNA, act in a 1:1 stoichiometric relationship and thus have low efficacy (Skorski et al., supra). For example, Jansen et al. report that, in a small percentage of patients, relatively high doses (2 mg/kg body weight per day) of antisense RNA resulted in biologically significant levels (i.e., long-term plasma concentrations above 1 mg/L) of encoded protein (Jansen, B., et al., The Lancet (2000) 356:1728-1733). However, no detectable level of plasma protein was observed at lower dosages (e.g., 0.6 mg). Hammerhead ribozymes, which because of their catalytic activity can degrade a higher number of target molecules, have been used to overcome the stoichiometry problem associated with antisense RNA. However, hammerhead ribozymes require specific nucleotide sequences in the target gene, which are not always present.

[0005] More recently, double-stranded RNA molecules (dsRNA) have been shown to block gene expression in a highly conserved regulatory mechanism known as RNA interference (RNAi). Briefly, the RNAse III Dicer enzyme processes dsRNA into small interfering RNAs (siRNA) of approximately 22 nucleotides, which serve as guide sequences to induce target-specific mRNA cleavage by an RNA-induced silencing complex RISC (Hammond, S. M., et al., Nature (2000) 404:293-296). In other words, RNAi involves a catalytic-type reaction whereby new siRNAs are generated through successive cleavage of long dsRNA. Thus, unlike antisense, RNAi degrades target RNA in a non-stoichiometric manner. When administered to a cell or organism, exogenous dsRNA has been shown to direct the sequence-specific degradation of endogenous messenger RNA (mRNA) through RNAi.

[0006] WO 99/32619 (Fire et al.) discloses the use of a dsRNA of at least 25 nucleotides in length to inhibit the expression of a target gene in C. elegans. dsRNA has also been shown to degrade target RNA in other organisms, including plants (see, e.g., WO 99/53050, Waterhouse et al.; and WO 99/6163-1, Heifetz et al.) and Drosophilia (see, e.g., Yang, D., et al., Curr. Biol. (2000) 10:1191-1200). Despite successes in these organisms, until recently the general perception in the art has been that RNAi cannot be made to work in mammals. It was believed that protocols used for invertebrate and plant systems would not be effective in mammals due to the interferon response, which leads to an overall block to translation and the onset of apoptosis (see, e.g., Wianny, F., et al., Nature Cell Biol. (2000) 2:70-75); Fire, A., Trends Genet. (1999) 15:358-363; and Tuschl, T., et al., Genes Dev. (1999) 13(24):3191-97). At least one group of scientists believed that RNAi could only be made to work in mammals if the PKR response could be neutralized or some way avoided, although no suggestions were given as to how this might be achieved (Fire, Trends Genet (1999), supra; and Montgomery and Fire, Trends Genet. (1998) 14:255-258). However, WO 00/44895 (Limmer) demonstrated for the first time that dsRNA can induce RNAi in mammalian cells, provided that the dsRNA meets certain structural requirements, including a defined length limitation.

[0007] Despite significant advances in the field, there remains a need for an agent that can selectively and efficiently silence a target gene using the cell's own RNAi machinery. More specifically, an agent that has both high biological activity and in vivo stability, and that can effectively inhibit expression of a target gene at a low dose, would be highly desirable. Compositions comprising such agents would be useful for treating diseases caused by abnormal expression or activity of a gene.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0008] The present invention discloses double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA), as well as compositions and methods for inhibiting the expression of a target gene in a cell using the dsRNA. The present invention also discloses compositions and methods for treating diseases caused by the expression or activity of the target gene. The dsRNA of the invention, which is no more than 49 nucleotides in length, comprises an RNA strand (complementary RNA strand) having a region which is complementary to an RNA transcript of at least a part of a target gene. The 3-′end of the complementary RNA strand comprises a nucleotide overhang of 1 to 4 nucleotides; the 5′-end of the complementary RNA strand is blunt.

[0009] In one aspect, the invention relates to a double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA), which is no more than 49 nucleotides in length, comprises a sense RNA strand and a complementary RNA strand. The complementary RNA strand, is substantially identical to at least a part of a target gene, comprises a complementary nucleotide sequence which is complementary to an mRNA transcript of a portion of the target gene. The 3′-end of the complementary RNA has a nucleotide overhang of 1 to 4 nucleotides and the 5′-end is blunt. The dsRNA may be less than 25 nucleotides, preferably 19 to 23 nucleotides in length, and the nucleotide overhang is preferably 1 or 2 nucleotides in length. The nucleotides of the nucleotide overhang may be replaced with nucleoside thiophosphates. The dsRNA may comprise a linker between the complementary RNA strand and the sense RNA strand, preferably between the 5′-end of the complementary RNA strand and the 3′-end of the sense RNA strand. The linker may be a chemical linker, such a hexaethylene glycol linker, apoly-(oxyphosphinico-oxy-1,3-propandiol) linker, or an oligoethyleneglycol linker. The target gene may be an oncogene, a cytokine gene, an idiotype protein gene, a prion gene, a gene that encodes a protein that induces angiogenesis, a gene that encodes an adhesion protein, a gene that encodes a cell surface receptor, a gene that encodes a protein involved in a metastasizing and/or invasive process, a gene that encodes a proteinase, a gene that encodes a protein that regulates apoptosis, a gene that encodes a EGF receptor, a MDR1 gene, a gene of a human papilloma virus, a hepatitis C virus, or a human immunodeficiency virus. In one embodiment, the target gene comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO:1-140.

[0010] In another aspect, the invention relates to a method of inhibiting the expression of a target gene in a cell. The method comprises introducing a double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) into the cell, and maintaining the cell for a time sufficient to obtain degradation of the mRNA transcript of the target gene, thereby inhibiting expression of the target gene. The complementary RNA strand, is substantially identical to at least a part of a target gene, comprises a complementary nucleotide sequence which is complementary to an mRNA transcript of a portion of the target gene. The 3′-end of the complementary RNA has a nucleotide overhang of 1 to 4 nucleotides and the 5′-end is blunt. The dsRNA may be less than 25 nucleotides, preferably 19 to 23 nucleotides in length, and the nucleotide overhang is preferably 1 or 2 nucleotides in length. The nucleotides of the nucleotide overhang may be replaced with nucleoside thiophosphates. The dsRNA may comprise a linker between the complementary RNA strand and the sense RNA strand, preferably between the 5′-end of the complementary RNA strand and the 3′-end of the sense RNA strand. The linker may be a chemical linker, such a hexaethylene glycol linker, apoly-(oxyphosphinico-oxy-1,3-propandiol) linker, or an oligoethyleneglycol linker. The target gene may be any gene whose expression is to be inhibited, such as the target genes described above.

[0011] In yet another aspect, the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for inhibiting the expression of a target gene in a mammal. The pharmaceutical composition comprises a dsRNA, as described above, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The dosage unit of dsRNA may be in a range of 0.01 to 5.0 milligrams (mg), 0.1 to 200 micrograms, 0.1 to 100 micrograms, 1.0 to 50 micrograms, or 1.0 to 25 micrograms, preferably less than 25 micrograms per kilogram body weight of the mammal. The target gene may be any gene whose expression is to be inhibited, such as the target genes described above. The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may be an aqueous solution, such as phosphate buffered saline, and may comprise a micellar structure, such as a liposome, capsid, capsoid, polymeric nanocapsule, or polymeric microcapsule. The pharmaceutical composition may be formulated to be administered by inhalation, infusion, injection, or orally, preferably by intravenous or intraperitoneal injection.

[0012] In another aspect, the invention relates to a method for treating a disease caused by the expression of a target gene in a mammal. The method comprises administering a pharmaceutical composition, as described above, comprising a double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The dosage unit of dsRNA may be in a range of 0.01 to 5.0 milligrams (mg), 0.1 to 200 micrograms, 0.1 to 100 micrograms, 1.0 to 50 micrograms, or 1.0 to 25 micrograms, preferably less than 25 micrograms per kilogram body weight of the mammal. The target gene may be any gene whose expression causes a disease in an organism, such as the target genes described elsewhere herein.

[0013] The details of once or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0014]FIG. 1 is a diagram of a first dsRNA (A) and a second dsRNA (B).

[0015]FIG. 2 is a diagram of a target gene.

[0016]FIG. 3 relative YFP fluorescence after application of various dsRNAs in NIH/3T3 cells (first experiment).

[0017]FIG. 4 relative YFP fluorescence after application of various dsRNAs in NIH/3T3 cells (second experiment).

[0018]FIG. 5 relative YFP fluorescence after application of various dsRNAs in NIH/3T3 cells (third experiment).

[0019]FIG. 6 relative YFP fluorescence after application of various dsRNAs in NIH/3T3 cells (fourth experiment).

[0020]FIG. 7 relative YFP fluorescence after application of various dsRNAs in NIH/3T3 cells (fifth experiment).

[0021]FIG. 8 fluorescence microscopic imaging of NIH/3T3 cells after transfection with pcDNA-YFP or after cotransfection with pcDNA-YFP and various dsRNAs.

[0022]FIG. 9 fluorescence microscopic imaging of HeLa-S3 cells after transfection with pcDNA-YFP or after cotransfection with pcDNA-YFP and various dsRNAs,

[0023]FIG. 10 is a gel electrophoretic separation of S1 after incubation in mouse serum.

[0024]FIG. 11 is a gel electrophoretic separation of S1 after incubation in human serum.

[0025]FIG. 12 is a gel electrophoretic separation of S7 after incubation in mouse serum.

[0026]FIG. 13 is a gel electrophoretic separation of S7 after incubation in human serum.

[0027]FIG. 14 is a gel electrophoretic separation of K3 after incubation in mouse serum.

[0028]FIG. 15 is a gel electrophoretic separation of PKCl/2 after incubation in mouse serum.

[0029]FIG. 16 is a gel electrophoretic separation of S1A/S4B after incubation in human serum.

[0030]FIG. 17 is a gel electrophoretic separation of K2 after incubation in human serum.

[0031]FIG. 18 is a GFP-specific immunoperoxidase staining of kidney paraffin sections from transgenic GFP mice.

[0032]FIG. 19 is a GFP-specific immunoperoxidase staining of heart paraffin sections from transgenic GFP mice.

[0033]FIG. 20 is a GFP-specific immunoperoxidase staining of pancreas paraffin sections from transgenic GFP mice.

[0034]FIG. 21 is a Western blot analysis of GFP expression in plasma.

[0035]FIG. 22 is a Western blot analysis of GFP expression in kidney.

[0036]FIG. 23 is a Western blot analysis of GFP expression in heart.

[0037]FIG. 24 is a Western blot analysis of EGFR expression in U-87 MG glioblastoma cells.

[0038]FIG. 25 show a Northern blot analysis of the MDRI mRNA level in colon carcinoma cell line LS174T, whereby the cells were harvested after 74 hours (FIG. 25a); and quantification of the bands in FIG. 25a, whereby the averages are represented by two values (FIG. 25b).

[0039]FIG. 26 shows a Northern blot analysis of the MDRI mRNA level in colon carcinoma cell line LS174T, whereby the cells were harvested after 48 hours (FIG. 26a); and quantification of the bands in FIG. 26a, whereby the averages of two values are represented (FIG. 26b).

[0040]FIG. 27 shows a comparison of a transmitted light- and fluorescence microscopic imaging of a transfection with 175 nM dsRNA (Sequence R1 in Table 4).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0041] The present invention discloses double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA), as well as compositions and methods for inhibiting the expression of a target gene in a cell using the dsRNA. The present invention also discloses compositions and methods for treating diseases in organisms caused by expression of a target gene using dsRNA. dsRNA directs the sequence-specific degradation of mRNA through a process known as RNA interference (RNAi). The process occurs in a wide variety of organisms, including mammals and other vertebrates. The dsRNA of the invention is no more than 49 nucleotides in length, and comprises an RNA strand (complementary RNA strand) having a region that is complementary to an RNA transcript of at least a portion of a target gene. The complementary RNA strand has a nucleotide overhang of 1 to 4 nucleotides at the 3′-end; the 5′-end is blunt. Using transgenic mice, the present inventors have demonstrated that very low dosages of these dsRNA can specifically and efficiently mediate RNAi, resulting in significant inhibition of expression of the target gene. The present invention encompasses these dsRNAs and compositions comprising dsRNA and their use for specifically inactivating gene function. The use of these dsRNAs enables the targeted degradation of mRNAs of genes that are implicated in a wide variety of disease processes, including cellular proliferative disorders, hematopoietic disorders, immune disorders, and certain infectious diseases. Thus, the methods and compositions of the present invention comprising these dsRNAs are useful for treating diseases and disorders caused by the expression or activity of a particular gene.

[0042] The following detailed description discloses how to make and use the dsRNA and compositions containing dsRNA to inhibit the expression of a target gene, as well as compositions and methods for treating diseases and disorders caused by the expression of the gene. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprise a dsRNA having a nucleotide sequence of no more than 49 nucleotides in length, preferably less than 25 nucleotides in length, and which is substantially identical to at least a part of the target gene, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The dsRNA has a single-stranded nucleotide overhang of 1 to 4 nucleotides at the 3′-end of the complementary RNA strand; the 5′-end is blunt.

[0043] Accordingly, certain aspects of the present invention relate to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the dsRNA of the present invention together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, methods of using the compositions to inhibit expression of a target gene, and methods of using the pharmaceutical compositions to treat diseases caused by the expression or activity of a particular gene.

[0044] I. Definitions

[0045] For convenience, the meaning of certain terms and phrases used in the specification, examples, and appended claims, are provided below.

[0046] As used herein, “target gene” refers to a section of a DNA strand of a double-stranded DNA that is complementary to a section of a DNA strand, including all transcribed regions, that serves as a matrix for transcription, as well as a section of an RNA strand of a (+) strand RNA virus. A target gene, usually the sense strand, is a gene whose expression is to be selectively inhibited or silenced through RNA interference. The term “target gene” specifically encompasses any cellular gene or gene fragment whose expression or activity is associated with a disease or disorder (e.g., an oncogene), as well as any foreign or exogenous gene or gene fragment whose expression or activity is associated with a disease, such as a gene from a pathogenic organism (e.g., a viral or pro-viral gene, viroid, or plasmodium).

[0047] Examples of genes which can be targeted for treatment include, without limitation, an oncogene (Hanahan, D. and R. A. Weinberg, Cell (2000) 100:57; and Yokota, J., Carcinogenesis (2000) 21(3):497-503); a cytokine gene (Rubinstein, M., et al., Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. (1998) 9(2):175-81); a idiotype (Id) protein gene (Benezra, R., et al., Oncogene (2001) 20(58):8334-41; Norton, J. D., J. Cell Sci. (2000) 113(22):3897-905); a prion gene (Prusiner, S. B., et al., Cell (1998) 93(3):337-48; Safar, J., and S. B. Prusiner, Prog. Brain Res. (1998) 117:421-34); a gene that expresses molecules that induce angiogenesis (Gould, V. E. and B. M. Wagner, Hum. Pathol. (2002) 33(11):1061-3); adhesion molecules (Chothia, C. and E. Y. Jones, Annu. Rev. Biochem. (1997) 66:823-62; Parise, L. V., et al., Semin. Cancer Biol. (2000) 10(6):407-14); cell surface receptors (Deller, M. C., and Y. E. Jones, Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. (2000) 10(2):213-9); genes of proteins that are involved in metastasizing and/or invasive processes (Boyd, D., Cancer Metastasis Rev. (1996) 15(1):77-89; Yokota, J., Carcinogenesis (2000) 21(3):497-503); genes of proteases as well as of molecules that regulate apoptosis and the cell cycle (Matrisian, L. M., Curr. Biol. (1999) 9(20):R776-8; Krepela, E., Neoplasma (2001) 48(5):332-49; Basbaum and Werb, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. (1996) 8:731-738; Birkedal-Hansen, et al., Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med. (1993) 4:197-250; Mignatti and Rifkin, Physiol. Rev. (1993) 73:161-195; Stetler-Stevenson, et al., Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. (1993) 9:541-573; Brinkerhoff, E., and L. M. Matrisan, Nature Reviews (2002) 3:207-214; Strasser, A., et al., Annu. Rev. Biochem. (2000) 69:217-45; Chao, D. T. and S. J. Korsmeyer, Annu. Rev. Immunol. (1998) 16:395-419; Mullauer, L., et al., Mutat. Res. (2001) 488(3):211-31; Fotedar, R., et al., Prog. Cell Cycle Res. (1996) 2:147-63; Reed, J. C., Am. J. Pathol. (2000) 157(5):1415-30; D'Ari, R., Bioassays (2001) 23(7):563-5); genes that express the EGF receptor; Mendelsohn, J. and J. Baselga, Oncogene (2000) 19(56):6550-65; Normanno, N., et al., Front. Biosci. (2001) 6:D685-707); and the multi-drug resistance 1 gene, MDR1 gene (Childs, S., and V. Ling, Imp. Adv. Oncol. (1994) 21-36).

[0048] The term “complementary RNA strand” (also referred to herein as the “antisense strand”) refers to the strand of a dsRNA which is complementary to an mRNA transcript that is formed during expression of the target gene, or its processing products. As used herein, the term “complementary nucleotide sequence” refers to the region on the complementary RNA strand that is complementary to an mRNA transcript of a portion of the target gene. “dsRNA” refers to a ribonucleic acid molecule having a duplex structure comprising two complementary and anti-parallel nucleic acid strands. Not all nucleotides of a dsRNA must exhibit Watson-Crick base pairs; the two RNA strands may be substantially complementary (i.e., having no more than one or two nucleotide mismatches). The maximum number of base pairs is the number of nucleotides in the shortest strand of the dsRNA. The RNA strands may have the same or a different number of nucleotides. The dsRNA is no more than 49, preferably less than 25, and most preferably between 19 and 23, nucleotides in length. dsRNAs of this length are particularly efficient in inhibiting the expression of the target gene. “Introducing into” means uptake or absorption in the cell, as is understood by those skilled in the art. Absorption or uptake of dsRNA can occur through cellular processes, or by auxiliary agents or devices. For example, for in vivo delivery, dsRNA can be injected into a tissue site or administered systemically. In vitro delivery includes methods known in the art such as electroporation and lipofection.

[0049] As used herein, a “nucleotide overhang” refers to the unpaired nucleotide or nucleotides that protrude from the duplex structure when a 3′-end of one RNA strand extends beyond the 5′-end of the other strand, or vice versa.

[0050] As used herein and as known in the art, the term “identity” is the relationship between two or more polynucleotide sequences, as determined by comparing the sequences. Identity also means the degree of sequence relatedness between polynucleotide sequences, as determined by the match between strings of such sequences. Identity can be readily calculated (see, e.g., Computation Molecular Biology, Lesk, A. M., eds., Oxford University Press, New York (1998), and Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects, Smith, D. W., ed., Academic Press, New York (1993), both of which are incorporated by reference herein). While there exist a number of methods to measure identity between two polynucleotide sequences, the term is well known to skilled artisans (see, e.g., Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology, von Heinje, G., Academic Press (1987); and Sequence Analysis Primer, Gribskov., M. and Devereux, J., eds., M. Stockton Press, New York (1991)). Methods commonly employed to determine identity between sequences include, for example, those disclosed in Carillo, H., and Lipman, D., SIAM J. Applied Math. (1988) 48:1073. “Substantially identical,” as used herein, means there is a very high degree of homology (preferably 100% sequence identity) between the sense strand of the dsRNA and the corresponding part of the target gene. However, dsRNA having greater than 90%, or 95% sequence identity may be used in the present invention, and thus sequence variations that might be expected due to genetic mutation, strain polymorphism, or evolutionary divergence can be tolerated. Although 100% identity is preferred, the dsRNA may contain single or multiple base-pair random mismatches between the RNA and the target gene.

[0051] As used herein, the term “treatment” refers to the application or administration of a therapeutic agent to a patient, or application or administration of a therapeutic agent to an isolated tissue or cell line from a patient, who has a disorder, e.g., a disease or condition, a symptom of disease, or a predisposition toward a disease, with the purpose to cure, heal, alleviate, relieve, alter, remedy, ameliorate, improve, or affect the disease, the symptoms of disease, or the predisposition toward disease.

[0052] As used herein, a “pharmaceutical composition” comprises a pharmacologically effective amount of a dsRNA and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As used herein, “pharmacologically effective amount,” “therapeutically effective amount” or simply “effective amount” refers to that amount of an RNA effective to produce the intended pharmacological, therapeutic or preventive result. For example, if a given clinical treatment is considered effective when there is at least a 25% reduction in a measurable parameter associated with a disease or disorder, a therapeutically effective amount of a drug for the treatment of that disease or disorder is the amount necessary to effect at least a 25% reduction in that parameter.

[0053] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to a carrier for administration of a therapeutic agent. Such carriers include, but are not limited to, saline, buffered saline, dextrose, water, glycerol, ethanol, and combinations thereof. The term specifically excludes cell culture medium. For drugs administered orally, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as inert diluents, disintegrating agents, binding agents, lubricating agents, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preservatives. Suitable inert diluents include sodium and calcium carbonate, sodium and calcium phosphate, and lactose, while corn starch and alginic acid are suitable disintegrating agents. Binding agents may include starch and gelatin, while the lubricating agent, if present, will generally be magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. If desired, the tablets may be coated with a material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate, to delay absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.

[0054] As used herein, the terms “pathogen” and “pathogenic organism” refer to an organism capable of producing disease, including, without limitation, a virus, viroid, or plasmodium. As used herein, the term “pathogen” includes organisms capable of causing disease in animals and/or plants.

[0055] As used herein, a “transformed cell” is a cell into which a dsRNA molecule has been introduced by means of recombinant DNA techniques.

[0056] II. Double-Stranded Ribonucleic Acid (dsRNA)

[0057] In one embodiment, the invention relates to a double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) having a nucleotide sequence which is substantially identical to at least a portion of a target gene. The dsRNA comprises two RNA strands that are sufficiently complementary to hybridize to form the duplex structure. One strand of the dsRNA comprises the nucleotide sequence that is substantially identical to a portion of the target gene (the “sense” strand), and the other strand (the “complementary” or “antisense” strand) comprises a sequence that is complementary to an RNA transcript of the target (DNA) gene or a gene of a (+) strand RNA virus. The dsRNA has no more than 49 nucleotides, preferably less than 25 nucleotides, and most preferably 23 nucleotides in length. The dsRNA can be synthesized by standard methods known in the art, e.g., by use of an automated DNA synthesizer, such as are commercially available from Biosearch, Applied Biosystems, Inc. In specific embodiments, the dsRNA can comprise the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:141-173, or a complement or equivalent thereof.

[0058] At least one end of the dsRNA has a single-stranded nucleotide overhang of 1 to 4, preferably 1 or 2 nucleotides. The single-stranded overhang is located at the 3′-terminal end of the complementary (antisense) RNA strand, and the 5′-end of the complementary RNA strand is blunt (i.e., no overhang). Such dsRNAs have improved stability and inhibitory activity, thus allowing administration at low dosages, i.e., less than 5 mg/kg body weight of the recipient per day. In another embodiment, one or more of the nucleotides in the overhang is replaced with a nucleoside thiophosphate. dsRNAs having a nucleotide overhang at the 3′-end of the antisense have unexpectedly superior inhibitory properties than their blunt-ended counterparts. Moreover, the present inventors have discovered that the presence of a nucleotide overhang at the 3′-overhang of the antisense strand strengthens the interference activity of the dsRNA, without effecting its overall stability. Such dsRNAs have proven particularly stable and effective in vivo, as well as in a variety of cells, cell culture mediums, blood, and serum.

[0059] In another embodiment, the dsRNA is chemically modified for improved stability, i.e., enhanced resistance to degradation and/or strand dissociation. In this embodiment, the integrity of the duplex structure is strengthened by at least one, and preferably two, chemical linkages. Chemical linking may be achieved by any of a variety of well-known techniques, for example by introducing covalent, ionic or hydrogen bonds; hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals or stacking interactions; by means of metal-ion coordination, or through use of purine analogues. In one embodiment, the linker is a hexa-ethylene glycol linker. In this case, the dsRNAs are produced by solid phase synthesis and the hexa-ethylene glycol linker is incorporated according to standard methods (e.g., Williams, D. J., and K. B. Hall, Biochem. (1996) 35:14665-14670). In a preferred embodiment, the 5′-end of the complementary (antisense) RNA strand and the 3′-end of the second (sense) RNA strand are chemically linked via a hexa-ethylene glycol linker.

[0060] In yet another embodiment, the target gene is an oncogene; a cytokinin gene; an idiotype protein gene (Id protein gene); a prion gene; a gene that expresses a protein that induces angiogenesis, an adhesion molecule; a cell surface receptor; a gene of a protein involved in a metastasizing and/or invasive process; a gene of a proteinase; a gene of a protein that regulates apoptosis and the cell cycle; a gene that expresses the EGF receptor; or a MDR1 gene, all of which are described elsewhere herein.

[0061] In one embodiment, the target gene is the multi-drug resistance 1 gene (“MDR1”). “Multi-drug resistance” (MDR) broadly refers to a pattern of resistance to a variety of chemotherapeutic drugs with unrelated chemical structures and different mechanisms of action. Although the etiology of MDR is multifactorial, the overexpression of P-glycoprotein (Pgp), a membrane protein that mediates the transport of MDR drugs, remains the most common alteration underlying MDR in laboratory models (Childs, S., Imp. Adv. Oncol. (1994) 21-36). Moreover, expression of Pgp has been linked to the development of MDR in human cancer, particularly in the leukemias, lymphomas, multiple myeloma, neuroblastoma, and soft tissue sarcoma (Fan., D., et al., Reversal of Multidrug Resistance in Cancer, ed. Kellen, J. A. (CRC, Boca Raton, Fla.), pp. 93-125). Recent studies showed that tumor cells expressing MDR-associated protein (MRP) (Cole, S. P. C., et al., Science (1992) 258:1650-1654) and lung resistance protein (LRP) (Scheffer, G. L., et al., Nat. Med. (1995)1:578-582) and mutation of DNA topoisomerase II (Beck, W. T., J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (1989) 81:1683-1685) also may render MDR.

[0062] In yet another embodiment, the invention relates to a method for treating viral diseases, including but not limited to hepatitis C, hepatitis B, herpes simplex virus (HSV), HIV-AIDS, poliovirus, and smallpox virus. dsRNAs of the invention are prepared as described herein to target expressed sequences of a virus, thus ameliorating viral activity and replication. The molecules can be used in the treatment and/or diagnosis of viral infected tissue, both animal and plant. Also, such molecules can be used in the treatment of virus-associated carcinoma, such as hepatocellular cancer.

[0063] III. Pharmaceutical Compositions Comprising dsRNA

[0064] In one embodiment, the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a dsRNA, as described in the preceding section, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, as described below. The pharmaceutical composition comprising the dsRNA is useful for treating a disease or disorder associated with the expression or activity of a target gene.

[0065] In another embodiment, the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least two dsRNAs, both designed to target the same gene, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Because of the duplicative targeting of mRNA by a plurality of dsRNAs, pharmaceutical compositions comprising multiple dsRNAs provide improved efficiency of inhibition as compared to compositions comprising a single dsRNA. In this embodiment, the individual dsRNAs are prepared as described in the preceding section, which is incorporated by reference herein. One dsRNA (referred to herein as “dsRNA I”) has a nucleotide sequence (“complementary region I”) which is substantially identical to at least a portion of the target gene (referred to herein as “region A” of the target gene). Additional dsRNAs are prepared, each of which has a nucleotide sequence that is substantially identical to a different region of the target gene. For example, a second dsRNA (“dsRNA II”) may have a nucleotide sequence (“complementary region II”) that is substantially identical to a “region B” of the target gene. Region A and region B, which reflect distinct regions of the same target gene, may overlap each other, be adjacent to one another, or be physically separated within the target gene. dsRNA I and dsRNA II may be combined in the same pharmaceutical composition, or formulated separately. If formulated individually, the compositions containing the separate dsRNAs may comprise the same or different carriers, and may be administered using the same or different routes of administration. Moreover, the pharmaceutical compositions comprising the individual dsRNAs may be administered substantially simultaneously, sequentially, or at preset intervals throughout the day or treatment period. Although the foregoing description relates to two dsRNAs (dsRNA I and dsRNA II) which target two regions (region A and region B) of the target gene, the present invention encompasses any number of dsRNAs, each of which targets a distinct region of the target gene.

[0066] The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are administered in dosages sufficient to inhibit expression of the target gene. The present inventors have found that, because of their improved efficiency, compositions comprising the dsRNA of the invention can be administered at surprisingly low dosages. A maximum dosage of 5 mg dsRNA per kilogram body weight per day is sufficient to inhibit or completely suppress expression of the target gene.

[0067] In general, a suitable dose of dsRNA will be in the range of 0.01 to 5.0 milligrams per kilogram body weight of the recipient per day, preferably in the range of 0.1 to 200 micrograms per kilogram body weight per day, more preferably in the range of 0.1 to 100 micrograms per kilogram body weight per day, even more preferably in the range of 1.0 to 50 micrograms per kilogram body weight per day, and most preferably in the range of 1.0 to 25 micrograms per kilogram body weight per day. The pharmaceutical composition may be administered once daily, or the dsRNA may be administered as two, three, four, five, six or more sub-doses at appropriate intervals throughout the day. In that case, the dsRNA contained in each sub-dose must be correspondingly smaller in order to achieve the total daily dosage. The dosage unit can also be compounded for delivery over several days, e.g., using a conventional sustained release formulation which provides sustained release of the dsRNA over a several day period. Sustained release formulations are well known in the art. In this embodiment, the dosage unit contains a corresponding multiple of the daily dose.

[0068] The skilled artisan will appreciate that certain factors may influence the dosage and timing required to effectively treat a subject, including but not limited to the severity of the disease or disorder, previous treatments, the general health and/or age of the subject, and other diseases present. Moreover, treatment of a subject with a therapeutically effective amount of a composition can include a single treatment or a series of treatments. Estimates of effective dosages and in vivo half-lives for the individual dsRNAs encompassed by the invention can be made using conventional methodologies or on the basis of in vivo testing using an appropriate animal model, as described elsewhere herein.

[0069] Advances in mouse genetics have generated a number of mouse models for the study of various human diseases. For example, mouse models are available for hematopoietic malignancies such as leukemias, lymphomas and acute myelogenous leukemia. The MMHCC (Mouse models of Human Cancer Consortium) web page (emice.nci.nih.gov), sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, provides disease-site-specific compendium of known cancer models, and has links to the searchable Cancer Models Database (cancernodels.nci.nih.gov), as well as the NCI-MMHCC mouse repository. Examples of the genetic tools that are currently available for the modeling of leukemia and lymphomas in mice, and which are useful in practicing the present invention, are described in the following references: Maru, Y., Int. J. Hematol. (2001) 73:308-322; Pandolfi, P. P., Oncogene (2001) 20:5726-5735; Pollock, J. L., et al., Curr. Opin. Hematol. (2001) 8:206-211; Rego, E. M., et al., Semin. in Hemat. (2001) 38:4-70; Shannon, K. M., et al. (2001) Modeling myeloid leukemia tumors suppressor gene inactivation in the mouse, Semin. Cancer Biol. 11, 191-200; Van Etten, R. A., (2001) Curr. Opin. Hematol. 8, 224-230; Wong, S., et al. (2001) Oncogene 20, 5644-5659; Phillips J A., Cancer Res. (2000) 52(2):437-43; Harris, A. W., et al, J. Exp. Med. (1988) 167(2):353-71; Zeng X X et al., Blood. (1988) 92(10):3529-36; Eriksson, B., et al., Exp. Hematol. (1999) 27(4):682-8; and Kovalchuk, A., et al., J. Exp. Med. (2000) 192(8): 1183-90. Mouse repositories can also be found at: The Jackson Laboratory, Charles River Laboratories, Taconic, Harlan, Mutant Mouse Regional Resource Centers (MMRRC) National Network and at the European Mouse Mutant Archive. Such models may be used for in vivo testing of dsRNA, as well as for determining a therapeutically effective dose.

[0070] The pharmaceutical compositions encompassed by the invention may be administered by any means known in the art including, but not limited to oral or parenteral routes, including intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, transdermal, airway (aerosol), rectal, vaginal and topical (including buccal and sublingual) administration. In preferred embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are administered by intravenous or intraparenteral infusion or injection.

[0071] For oral administration, the dsRNAs useful in the invention will generally be provided in the form of tablets or capsules, as a powder or granules, or as an aqueous solution or suspension.

[0072] Tablets for oral use may include the active ingredients mixed with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as inert diluents, disintegrating agents, binding agents, lubricating agents, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preservatives. Suitable inert diluents include sodium and calcium carbonate, sodium and calcium phosphate, and lactose, while corn starch and alginic acid are suitable disintegrating agents. Binding agents may include starch and gelatin, while the lubricating agent, if present, will generally be magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. If desired, the tablets may be coated with a material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate, to delay absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.

[0073] Capsules for oral use include hard gelatin capsules in which the active ingredient is mixed with a solid diluent, and soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredients is mixed with water or an oil such as peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.

[0074] For intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous and intravenous use, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention will generally be provided in sterile aqueous solutions or suspensions, buffered to an appropriate pH and isotonicity. Suitable aqueous vehicles include Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride. In a preferred embodiment, the carrier consists exclusively of an aqueous buffer. In this context, “exclusively” means no auxiliary agents or encapsulating substances are present which might affect or mediate uptake of dsRNA in the cells that express the target gene. Such substances include, for example, micellar structures, such as liposomes or capsids, as described below. Surprisingly, the present inventors have discovered that compositions containing only naked dsRNA and a physiologically acceptable solvent are taken up by cells, where the dsRNA effectively inhibits expression of the target gene. Although microinjection, lipofection, viruses, viroids, capsids, capsoids, or other auxiliary agents are required to introduce dsRNA into cell cultures, surprisingly these methods and agents are not necessary for uptake of dsRNA in vivo. Aqueous suspensions according to the invention may include suspending agents such as cellulose derivatives, sodium alginate, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone and gum tragacanth, and a wetting agent such as lecithin. Suitable preservatives for aqueous suspensions include ethyl and n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate.

[0075] The pharmaceutical compositions useful according to the invention also include encapsulated formulations to protect the dsRNA against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The materials can also be obtained commercially from Alza Corporation and Nova Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Liposomal suspensions (including liposomes targeted to infected cells with monoclonal antibodies to viral antigens) can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,811; PCT publication WO 91/06309; and European patent publication EP-A-43075, which are incorporated by reference herein.

[0076] In one embodiment, the encapsulated formulation comprises a viral coat protein. In this embodiment, the dsRNA may be bound to, associated with, or enclosed by at least one viral coat protein. The viral coat protein may be derived from or associated with a virus, such as a polyoma virus, or it may be partially or entirely artificial. For example, the coat protein may be a Virus Protein 1 and/or Virus Protein 2 of the polyoma virus, or a derivative thereof.

[0077] Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such compounds can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., for determining the LD50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index and it can be expressed as the ratio LD50/ED50. Compounds which exhibit high therapeutic indices are preferred.

[0078] The data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulation a range of dosage for use in humans. The dosage of compositions of the invention lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED50 with little or no toxicity. The dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. For any compound used in the method of the invention, the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from cell culture assays. A dose may be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasma concentration range of the compound or, when appropriate, of the polypeptide product of a target sequence (e.g., achieving a decreased concentration of the polypeptide) that includes the IC50 (i.e., the concentration of the test compound which achieves a half-maximal inhibition of symptoms) as determined in cell culture. Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans. Levels in plasma may be measured, for example, by high performance liquid chromatography.

[0079] In addition to their administration individually or as a plurality, as discussed above, the dsRNAs useful according to the invention can be administered in combination with other known agents effective in treatment of diseases. In any event, the administering physician can adjust the amount and timing of dsRNA administration on the basis of results observed using standard measures of efficacy known in the art or described herein.

[0080] For oral administration, the dsRNAs useful in the invention will generally be provided in the form of tablets or capsules, as a powder or granules, or as an aqueous solution or suspension.

[0081] IV. Methods for Treating Diseases Caused by Expression of a Target Gene.

[0082] In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method for treating a subject having a disease or at risk of developing a disease caused by the expression of a target gene. In this embodiment, the dsRNA can act as novel therapeutic agents for controlling one or more of cellular proliferative and/or differentiative disorders, disorders associated with bone metabolism, immune disorders, hematopoietic disorders, cardiovascular disorders, liver disorders, viral diseases, or metabolic disorders. The method comprises administering a pharmaceutical composition of the invention to the patient (e.g., human), such that expression of the target gene is silenced. Because of their high specificity, the dsRNAs of the present invention specifically target mRNAs of target genes of diseased cells and tissues, as described below, and at surprisingly low dosages.

[0083] In the prevention of disease, the target gene may be one which is required for initiation or maintenance of the disease, or which has been identified as being associated with a higher risk of contracting the disease. In the treatment of disease, the dsRNA can be brought into contact with the cells or tissue exhibiting the disease. For example, dsRNA substantially identical to all or part of a mutated gene associated with cancer, or one expressed at high levels in tumor cells, e.g. aurora kinase, may be brought into contact with or introduced into a cancerous cell or tumor gene.

[0084] Examples of cellular proliferative and/or differentiative disorders include cancer, e.g., carcinoma, sarcoma, metastatic disorders or hematopoietic neoplastic disorders, e.g., leukemias. A metastatic tumor can arise from a multitude of primary tumor types, including but not limited to those of prostate, colon, lung, breast and liver origin. As used herein, the terms “cancer,” “hyperproliferative,” and “neoplastic” refer to cells having the capacity for autonomous growth, i.e., an abnormal state of condition characterized by rapidly proliferating cell growth. These terms are meant to include all types of cancerous growths or oncogenic processes, metastatic tissues or malignantly transformed cells, tissues, or organs, irrespective of histopathologic type or stage of invasiveness. Proliferative disorders also include hematopoietic neoplastic disorders, including diseases involving hyperplastic/neoplatic cells of hematopoictic origin, e.g., arising from myeloid, lymphoid or erythroid lineages, or precursor cells thereof.

[0085] The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can also be used to treat a variety of immune disorders, in particular those associated with overexpression of a gene or expression of a mutant gene. Examples of hematopoietic disorders or diseases include, without limitation, autoimmune diseases (including, for example, diabetes mellitus, arthritis (including rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis), multiple sclerosis, encephalomyelitis, myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosis, automimmune thyroiditis, dermatitis (including atopic dermatitis and eczematous dermatitis), psoriasis, Sjogren's Syndrome, Crohn's disease, aphthous ulcer, iritis, conjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis, ulcerative colitis, asthma, allergic asthma, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, vaginitis, proctitis, drug eruptions, leprosy reversal reactions, erythema nodosum leprosum, autoimmune uveitis, allergic encephalomyclitis, acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalopathy, idiopathic bilateral progressive sensorineural hearing, loss, aplastic anemia, pure red cell anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenia, polychondritis, Wegener's granulomatosis, chronic active hepatitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, idiopathic sprue, lichen planus, Graves' disease, sarcoidosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, uveitis posterior, and interstitial lung fibrosis), graft-versus-host disease, cases of transplantation, and allergy.

[0086] Examples of genes which can be targeted for treatment include, without limitation, an oncogene; a cytokine gene; a idiotype (Id) protein; a prion gene; a gene that expresses molecules that induce angiogenesis; an adhesion molecule; a cell surface receptor; a gene of a protein involved in a metastasizing and/or invasive process; a gene of a proteases as or a protein that regulates apoptosis and the cell cycle; a gene that expresses the EGF receptor; and the multi-drug resistance 1 gene, MDR1 gene, all of which are described elsewhere herein.

[0087] In one embodiment, a pharmaceutical compositions comprising dsRNA is used to inhibit the expression of the multi-drug resistance 1 gene (“MDR1”). “Multi-drug resistance” (MDR) broadly refers to a pattern of resistance to a variety of chemotherapeutic drugs with unrelated chemical structures and different mechanisms of action. Although the etiology of MDR is multifactorial, the overexpression of P-glycoprotein (Pgp), a membrane protein that mediates the transport of MDR drugs, remains the most common alteration underlying MDR in laboratory models (Childs, S., Imp. Adv. Oncol. (1994) 21-36). Moreover, expression of Pgp has been linked to the development of MDR in human cancer, particularly in the leukemias, lymphomas, multiple myeloma, neuroblastoma, and soft tissue sarcoma (Fan., D., et al., Reversal of Multidrug Resistance in Cancer, ed. Kellen, J. A. (CRC, Boca Raton, Fla.), pp. 93-125). Recent studies showed that tumor cells expressing MDR-associated protein (MRP) (Cole, S. P. C., et al., Science (1992) 258:1650-1654) and lung resistance protein (LRP) (Scheffer, G. L., et al., Nat. Med. (1995)1:578-582) and mutation of DNA topoisomerase II (Beck, W. T., J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (1989) 81:1683-1685) also may render MDR.

[0088] In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method for treating viral diseases, including but not limited to human papilloma virus, hepatitis C, hepatitis B, herpes simplex virus (HSV), HIV-AIDS, poliovirus, and smallpox virus. dsRNAs of the invention are prepared as described herein to target expressed sequences of a virus, thus ameliorating viral activity and replication. The molecules can be used in the treatment and/or diagnosis of viral infected tissue, both animal and plant. Also, such molecules can be used in the treatment of virus-associated carcinoma, such as hepatocellular cancer.

[0089] The pharmaceutical compositions encompassed by the invention may be administered by any means known in the art including, but not limited to oral or parenteral routes, including intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, transdermal, airway (aerosol), rectal, vaginal and topical (including buccal and sublingual) administration. In preferred embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are administered by intravenous or intraparenteral infusion or injection.

[0090] V. Methods for Inhibiting Expression of a Target Gene.

[0091] In yet another aspect, the invention relates to a method for inhibiting the expression of a target gene in an organism. The method comprises administering a composition of the invention to the organism such that expression of the target gene is silenced. The organism may be an animal or a plant. Because of their high specificity, the dsRNAs of the present invention specifically target RNAs (primary or processed) of target genes, and at surprisingly low dosages. Compositions and methods for inhibiting the expression of a target gene using dsRNAs can be performed as described elsewhere herein.

[0092] In one embodiment, the comprises administering a composition comprising a dsRNA, wherein the dsRNA comprises a nucleotide sequence which is complementary to at least a part of an RNA transcript of the target gene of the organism to be treated. When the organism to be treated is a mammal, such as a human, the composition may be administered by any means known in the art including, but not limited to oral or parenteral routes, including intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, transdermal, airway (aerosol), rectal, vaginal and topical (including buccal and sublingual) administration. In preferred embodiments, the compositions are administered by intravenous or intraparenteral infusion or injection.

[0093] The methods for inhibition the expression of a target gene can be applied to any gene one wishes to silence, thereby specifically inhibiting its expression. Examples of human genes which can be targeted for silencing include, without limitation, an oncogene; cytokinin gene; idiotype protein gene (Id protein gene); prion gene; gene that expresses molecules that induce angiogenesis, adhesion molecules, and cell surface receptors; genes of proteins that are involved in metastasizing and/or invasive processes; genes of proteases as well as of molecules that regulate apoptosis and the cell cycle; genes that express the EGF receptor; the multi-drug resistance 1 gene (MDR1 gene); a gene or component of a virus, particularly a human pathogenic virus, that is expressed in pathogenic organisms, preferably in plasmodia.

[0094] The methods for inhibition the expression of a target gene can also be applied to any plant gene one wishes to silence, thereby specifically inhibiting its expression.

[0095] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.

EXAMPLES Example 1 RNA Interference in a Mouse Model

[0096] In this Example, double stranded siRNAs are used to inhibit GFP gene expression in transgenic mice.

[0097] Synthesis and Preparation of dsRNAs

[0098] Oligoribonucleotides are synthesized with an RNA synthesizer (Expedite 8909, Applied Biosystems, Weiterstadt, Germany) and purified by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) using NucleoPac PA-100 columns, 9×250 mm (Dionex Corp.; low salt buffer: 20 mM Tris, 10 mM NaClO₄, pH 6.8, 10% acetonitrile; the high-salt buffer was: 20 mM Tris, 400 mM NaClO4, pH 6.8, 10% acetonitrile. flow rate: 3 ml/min). Formation of double stranded siRNAs is then achieved by heating a stoichiometric mixture of the individual complementary strands (10 M) in 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6.8, 100 mM NaCl, to 80-90° C., with subsequent slow cooling to room temperature over 6 hours,

[0099] In addition, dsRNA molecules with linkers may be produced by solid phase synthesis and addition of hexaethylene glycol as a non-nucleotide linker (D. Jeremy Williams, Kathleen B. Hall, Biochemistry, 1996, 35, 14665-14670). A Hexaethylene glycol linker phosphoramidite (Chruachem Ltd, Todd Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Acre Road, Glasgow, G20 OUA, Scotland, UK) is coupled to the support bound oligoribonucleotide employing the same synthetic cycle as for standard nucleoside phosphoramidites (Proligo Biochemie GmbH, Georg-Hyken-Str.14, Hamburg, Germany) but with prolonged coupling times. Incorporation of linker phosphoramidite is comparable to the incorporation of nucleoside phosphoramidites. Nucleotide number (overhang at the 3′-end of the S1 double-stranded Sequence region - overhang protocol at the 3′-end of Name No. DsRNA sequence S2)] S1 1 (S2) 5′-CCACAUGAAGCAGCACGACUUC-3′ 0-22-0 2 (S1) 3′-GGUGUACUUCGUCGUGCUGAAG-5′ S7 3 (S2) 5′-CCACAUGAAGCAGCACGACUU-3′ 2-19-2 4 (S1) 3′-CUGGUGUACUUCGUCGUGCUG-5′ K1 5 (S2) 5′-ACAGGAUGAGGAUCGUUUCGCA-3′ 0-22-0 6 (S1) 3′-UGUCCUACUCCUAGCAAAGCGU-5′ K3 7 (S2) 5′-GAUGAGGAUCGUUUCGCAUGA-3′ 2-19-2 8 (S1) 3′-UCCUACUCCUAGCAAAGCGUA-5′ K4 9 (S2) 5′-GAUGAGGAUCGUUUCGCAUGA-3′ 2-21-0 10 (S1) 3′-UCCUACUCCUAGCAAAGCGUACU-5′ S7/S11 11 (S2) 5′-CCACAUGAAGCAGCACGACUU-3′ 2-21-0 12 (S1) 3′-CUGGUGUACUUCGUCGUGCUGAA-5′

[0100] RNAi Administration

[0101] DsRNA are administered systemically either orally, by means of inhalation, infusion, or injection, preferably by intravenous or intraperitoneal infusion or injection in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Examples of suitable carriers are found in standard pharmaceutical texts, e.g. “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences”, 16th edition, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1980. A preparation that is suitable for inhalation, infusion, or injection preferably consists of dsRNA and a physiologically tolerated solvent, preferably a physiological saline solution or a physiologically tolerated buffer, preferably a phosphate buffered saline solution. The invention anticipates the use of a double-stranded ribonucleic acid in a dosage of a maximum of 5 mg/kg body weight per day.

[0102] GFP Laboratory Mice:

[0103] The transgenic laboratory mouse strain TgN (GFPU) 5Nagy (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me.), which expresses GFP in all cells studied to date (with the help of a beta actin promoter and a CMV intermediate early enhancer) (Hadjantonakis A K. et al., 1998, Nature Genetics 19: 220-222), was used. The GFP transgenic mice may be clearly differentiated on the basis of fluorescence (using a UV lamp) from the corresponding wild types (WT). The following experiments were carried out using GFP-heterozygote animals that were bred by mating a WT animal each with a heterozygote GFP-type animal. The animals were kept under controlled conditions in groups of 3-5 animals in Type III Makrolon cages (Ehret Co., Emmendingen, Germany) at a constant temperature of 22° C. and a light-to-dark rhythm of 12 hours. Granulated softwood (8/15, Altromin Co., Lage, Germany) was strewn on the bottom of the cages. The animals received tap water and Altromin 1324 pelleted standard feed (Altromin Co.) ad libitum.

[0104] In Vivo Experiment:

[0105] Heterozygote GFP animals were placed in cages as described above in groups of 3. DsRNA solution was injected intravenously (i.v.) into the caudal vein in 12-hour rotation (between 5:30 and 7:00 and between 17:30 and 19:00) over 5 days. Injection volume was 60 μl per 10 g body weight, and dosage was 2.5 mg dsRNA or 50 μg per kg body weight. The groups were organized as follows:

[0106] Group A: PBS (phosphate buffered saline) 60 μl per 10 g body weight each,

[0107] Group B: 2.5 mg per kg body weight of a non-specific control dsRNA (K1 control with smooth ends and a double-stranded region of 22 nucleotide pairs),

[0108] Group C: 2.5 mg per kg body weight of another non-specific control dsRNA (K3 control with 2 nucleotide [nt] overhangs and both 3′-ends and a double-stranded region of 19 nucleotide pairs),

[0109] Group D: 2.5 mg per kg body weight of dsRNA (directed specifically against GFP, henceforth designated as S1, with smooth ends and a double-stranded region of 22 nucleotide pairs),

[0110] Group E: 2.5 mg dsRNA per kg body weight (directed specifically against GFP, henceforth designated as S7, with 2 nt overhangs and the 3′-ends of both strands, and a double-stranded region of 19 nucleotide pairs),

[0111] Group F: 50 μg S1 dsRNA per kg body weight (in other words {fraction (1/50)} the dosage of Group D).

[0112] After the last injection of a series of 10 injections, the animals were sacrificed after 14-20 hours, and the organs and blood were removed as described below.

[0113] Organ Removal:

[0114] Immediately after the animals were killed by CO2 inhalation, the blood and various organs were removed (thymus, lungs, heart, spleen, stomach, intestines, pancreas, brain, kidneys, and liver). The organs were quickly rinsed in cold sterile PBS and dissected with a sterile scalpel. A portion was fixed for 24 hours for immunohistochemical staining in methyl Carnoy (MC, 60% methanol, 30% chloroform, 10% glacial acetic acid); another portion was immediately flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen for freeze sections and protein isolation, and stored at −80° C.; and another smaller portion was frozen for RNA isolation at −80° C. in RNAeasy Protect (QIAGEN GmbH, Max Volmer Str. 4, 40724 Hilden). Immediately after removal, the blood was kept on ice for 30 minutes, mixed, centrifuged for 5 minutes at 2000 rpm (Mini Spin, Eppendorf AG, Barkhausenweg 1, 22331, Hamburg, Germany), and the supernatant fluid was drawn off and stored at −80° C. (designated here as plasma).

[0115] Processing the Biopsies:

[0116] After fixing the tissue for 24 hours in MC, the tissue pieces were dehydrated in an ascending alcohol series at room temperature: 40 minutes each 70% methanol, 80% methanol, 2×96% methanol and 3×100% isopropanol. After that the tissue was warmed up in 100% isopropanol at 60° C. in an incubator, after which it was incubated for 1 hour in an isopropanol/paraffin mixture at 60° C. and 3× for 2 hours in paraffin, and then embedded in paraffin. Tissue sections 3 μm in thickness were prepared for immunoperoxidase staining, using a rotation microtome (Leica Microsystems Nussloch GmbH, Heidelberger Str. 17-19, 69226 Nussloch, Germany), placed on microscopic slides (Superfrost, Vogel GmbH & Co. KG, Medical Technology and Electronics, Marburger Str. 81, 35396 Giessen, Germany), and incubated for 30 minutes at 60° C.

[0117] Immunoperoxidase Staining for GFP:

[0118] The sections were deparaffinized for 3×5 minutes in xylol, rehydrated in a descending alcohol series (3×3 min. 100% ethanol, 2×2 min. 95% ethanol), and then incubated for 20 minutes in 3% H2O2/methanol to block endogenous peroxidases. Next, all incubation steps were carried out in a moist chamber. After 3×3 min. washing with PBS, the sections were incubated with a first antibody (goat anti-GFP antibody, sc-5384, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Berheimer Str. 89-2, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany) 1:500 in 1% BSA/PBS overnight at 4° C. The sections were then incubated with the biotinylated secondary antibody (donkey anti-goat IgG; Santa Cruz Biotechnology; 1:2000 dilution) for 30 minutes at room temperature, after which they were incubated for 30 minutes with Avidin D peroxidase (1:2000 dilution, Vector Laboratories, 30 Ingold Road, Burlingame, Calif. 94010). After each antibody incubation, the sections were washed in PBS for 3×3 min., and buffer residue was removed from the sections along with cell material. All antibodies were diluted with 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA)/PBS. The sections were stained with 3,3′-diamino benzidine (DAB) using the DAB Substrate Kit (Vector Laboratories) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Gill's Hematoxylin III (Merck KgaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt) was used as the nuclear counterstain. After dehydration in an ascending alcohol series and 3×5 minutes xylol, the sections were covered with Entellan (Merck). Microscopic evaluation of the stains was accomplished using a IX50 microscope from OLYMPUS Optical Co. (Europe) GmbH, Wendenstr. 14-18 20097 Hamburg, Germany, fitted with a CCD camera (Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Systems Division, 8012 Joko-cho Hamamatsu City, 431-3196 Japan).

[0119] Protein Isolation from Tissue Pieces:

[0120] Frozen tissue samples were added to 800 μl isolation buffer (50 m HEPES, pH 7.5; 150 mM NaCl; 1 mM EDTA; 2.5 mM EGTA; 10% glycerol; 0.1% Tween; 1 mM DTT; 10 mM β-glycerol phosphate; 1 mM NaF; 0.1 mM Na3VO4 with a “complete” protease inhibitor tablet from Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Roche Applied Science, Sandhofer Str. 116, 68305 Mannheim), and homogenized for 2×30 seconds with an ultraturrax (DIAX 900, Dispersion Tool 6G, HEIDOLPH Instruments GmbH & Co. KG, Walpersdorfer Str. 12, 91126 Schwabach), and cooled on ice in between steps. After incubation for 30 minutes on ice, the homogenate was mixed and centrifuged for 20 minutes at 10,000 g, 4° C. (3K30, SIGMA Laboratory Centrifuge GmbH, An der Unteren Söse 50,37507 Osterode am Harz). The supernatant fluid was again incubated for 10 minutes on ice, mixed, and centrifuged for 20 minutes at 15,000 g, 4° C. Protein determination of the supernatant fluid was determined according to Bradford, 1976, modified according to Zor & Selinger, 1996, using the Roti-Nanoquant system (Carl Roth GmbH & Co., Schoemperlenstr. 1-5, 76185 Karlsruhe, Germany) in accordance with manufacturer's instructions. BSA was used for protein calibration in a concentration range of 10 to 100 μg/ml.

[0121] SDS Gel Electrophoresis:

[0122] Denaturing, discontinuous 15% SDS-PAGE (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) according to Läemmli (Nature 277: 680-685, 1970) was carried out in a Multigel-Long electrophoresis chamber (Whatman Biometra GmbH, Rudolf Wissell Str. 30, 37079 Göttingen). The separation gel was poured on to a thickness of 1.5 mm: 7.5 ml acrylamide/bisacrylamide (30%, 0.9%); 3.8 ml 1.5 M Tris/HCl, pH 8.4; 150 μl 10% SDS; 3.3 ml distilled water; 250 μl ammonium persulfate (10%); 9 μl TEMED (N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylendiamine), and covered over with 0.1% SDS until polymerization occurred. A collection gel was then poured on: 0.83 μl acrylamide/bisacrylamide (30%, 0.9%), 630 μl 1 M tris/HCl, pH 6.8; 3.4 ml distilled water; 50 μl 10% SDS; 50 μl 10% ammonium persulfate; 5 μl TEMED.

[0123] A corresponding quantity of 4× sample buffer (200 mM Tris, pH 6.8, 4% SDS, 100 mM DTT (dithiotreithol), 0.02% bromophenol blue, 20% glycerin) was then added to the proteins, which were then denatured on a heat block at 100° C., centrifuged on ice after cooling off, and then applied to the gel. The same plasma and protein quantities were used in each lane (3 μl plasma or 25 μg total protein each). Protein electrophoresis was carried out at room temperature at a constant 50V. The protein gel marker Kaleidoscope Prestained Standard (Bio-Rad Laboratories GmbH, Heidemannstr. 164, 80939 Munich) was used as molecular marker.

[0124] Western Blot and Immunodetection:

[0125] Proteins separated by SDS-PAGE were transferred to a PVDF (polyvinyl difluoride) membrane (Hybond-P, Amersham Biosciences Europe GmbH, Munzinger Str. 9, 79111 Freiburg, Germany) using the semidry transfer method according to Kyhse-Anderson (J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 10: 203-210, 1984) at room temperature and constant amperage of 0.8 mA/cm2 for 1.5 hours in Tris/Glycerin transfer buffer (39 mM glycerin, 46 mM tris, 0.1% SDS, and 20% methanol). After immunodetection both the gels and the blots, as well as the blot membranes, were stained with Coomassie (0.1% Coomassie G250, 45% methanol, 10% glacial acetic acid) in order to check for electrophoretic transfer. The blot membranes were incubated after transfer in 1% skim milk powder/PBS for 1 hour at room temperature to saturate nonspecific bonds. Next, each membrane was washed three times for 3 minutes with 0.1% Tween-20/PBS. All subsequent antibody incubations and wash steps were done in 0.1% Tween-20/PBS. The primary antibody (goat anti-GFP antibody, sc-5384, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) was incubated for one hour at room temperature at a dilution of 1:1000. After washing 3×5 minutes, the membranes were incubated with a horseradish peroxidase coupled secondary antibody (donkey anti-goat IgG, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), at a dilution of 1:10,000. Detection of horseradish peroxidase was then achieved using the ECL system (Amersham) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.

[0126] FIGS. 18 to 20 show inhibition of GFP expression after intravenous injection of specific anti-GFP dsRNA, by means of immunoperoxidase GFP staining of 3 μm paraffin sections. Over the course of the experiment, the anti-GFP dsRNA, with a double-stranded region of 22 nucleotide (nt) pairs without overhangs at the 3′-ends (D) and the corresponding non-specific control dsRNA (B), as well as the specific anti-GFP dsRNA, with a double-stranded region consisting of 19 nucleotide pairs with 2 nt overhangs at the 3′-ends (E), and the corresponding non-specific control dsRNA (C) were applied in 12-hour rotation over 5 days. (F) received {fraction (1/50)} the dosage of Group (D). Animals not administered dsRNA (A) and WT animals were used as further controls. FIG. 18 shows the inhibition of GFP expression in kidney sections; FIG. 19 in heart sections; and FIG. 20 in pancreas tissue. FIGS. 21 to 23 show Western blot analyses of GFP expression in plasma and tissues. FIG. 21 shows the inhibition of GFP expression in plasma; FIG. 22 in kidney; and FIG. 23 in heart. FIG. 23 shows the total protein isolate from various animals. The same quantities of total protein were used for each track. In the animals that were given non-specific control dsRNA (animals in Groups B and C), GFP is not reduced in comparison with animals that received no dsRNA. Animals that received the specific anti-GFP dsRNA with 2 nt overhangs at the 3′-ends of both strands and a double-stranded region consisting of 19 nucleotide pairs showed significantly inhibited GFP expression in the tissues studied (heart, kidneys, pancreas, and blood), compared with untreated animals (FIGS. 18-23). Of the animals in Groups D and F, who were given specific anti-GFP dsRNA, with blunt ends and a double-stranded region consisting of 22 nucleotide pairs, only those animals that received the dsRNA at a dosage of 50 μg/kg body weight per day demonstrated specific inhibition of GFP expression. However, the degree of inhibition was less marked than that seen with the animals in Group E.

[0127] A summary evaluation of GFP expression in tissue sections and Western blot shows that the inhibition of GFP expression is greatest in blood and in kidneys (FIGS. 18, 21 and 22).

Example 2 Inhibition of EGFR Gene Expression with EGFR-Specific siRNA

[0128] The epidermal growth factor (=EGF) receptor (=EGFR) belongs to the tyrosin kinase receptors, transmembrane proteins with an intrinsic tyrosin kinase activity that are involved in the control of a series of cellular processes such as cell growth, cell differentiation, migratory processes, and cell vitality (reviewed in: Van der Geer et al., 1994). The EGFR family consists of 4 members, EGFR (ErbB1), HER2 (ErbB2), HER3 (ErbB3), and HER4 (ErbB4) with a transmembrane domain, a cysteine-rich extracellular domain, and a catalytic intracellular domain. The EGFR sequence, a 170-kDa protein, was first described by Ullrich et al., 1984.

[0129] EGFR is activated by peptide growth factors such as EGF, TGFα (transforming growth factor), amphiregulin, betacellulin, HB-EGF (heparin binding EGF-like growth factor), and neuregulins. Ligand binding induces the formation of homodimers or heterodimers with subsequent autophosphorylation of cytoplasmic tyrosine (Ullrich & Schlessinger, 1990; Alroy & Yarden, 1997). The phosphorylated amino acids form the binding sites of numerous proteins that are involved in the initial steps of a complex signal transduction pathway. EGFR is involved in many cancers, and is therefore an appropriate target for therapeutic approaches (Huang & Harari, 1999). The mechanisms that lead to aberrant EGFR activity may be related to overexpression, amplification, constitutive activation of mutant receptor forms, or autocrine loops (Voldberg et al., 1997). Overexpression of EGFR has been described for a series of tumors such as breast cancer (Walker & Dearing, 1999), non-minor lung cancer (Fontaninii et al., 1998), pancreatic cancer, colon cancer (Salomon et al., 1995), and glioblastoma (Rieske et al., 1998). For malignant glioblastoma, in particular, there have to date been no effective and specific therapeutic agents.

Example 3 Efficacy of Inhibition of EGFR Gene Expression

[0130] To test the effectiveness of dsRNA for the specific inhibition of EGFR gene expression, U-87 MG cells (human glioblastoma cells), ECCAC (European Collection of Animal Cell Culture) No. 89081402 were transfected with the specific anti-EGF-receptor-directed dsRNA (sequence protocol SQ 51). After approximately 72 hours of incubation, the cells were harvested, the protein was isolated, and EGFR expression was analyzed by Western blot.

[0131] Test Protocol:

[0132] Synthesis and Preparation of dsRNAs

[0133] Oligoribonucleotides were synthesized with an RNA synthesizer (Expedite 8909, Applied Biosystems, Weiterstadt, Germany) and purified by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) using NucleoPac PA-100 columns, 9×250 mm (Dionex Corp.; low salt buffer: 20 mM tris, 10 mM NaClO₄, pH 6.8, 10% acetonitrile; flow rate: 3 ml/min). Formation of double stranded siRNAs was then achieved by heating a stoichiometric mixture of the individual complementary strands (10 M) to 95° C. for 5 minutes in 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, and 100 mM NaCl, followed by subsequent cooling for 6 hours to room temperature

[0134] dsRNA molecules with linkers were produced by solid phase synthesis and addition of hexaethylene glycol as a non-nucleotide linker (D. Jeremy Williams, Kathleen B. Hall, Biochemistry, 1996, 35, 14665-14670). A Hexaethylene glycol linker phosphoramidite (Chruachem Ltd, Todd Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Acre Road, Glasgow, G20 OUA, Scotland, UK) was coupled to the support bound oligoribonucleotide employing the same synthetic cycle as for standard nucleoside phosphoramidites (Proligo Biochemie GmbH, Georg-Hyken-Str.14, Hamburg, Germany) but with prolonged coupling times. Incorporation of linker phosphoramidite was comparable to the incorporation of nucleoside phosphoramidites.

[0135] Seeding the Cells:

[0136] All cells were cultured under sterile conditions at an appropriate workstation (HS18/Hera Safe, Kendro, Heraeus). U-87 MG cells were incubated in a CO₂-incubator (T20, Hera Cell, Kendro, Heraeus) at 37° C., 5% CO₂ and saturated atmospheric humidity in DMEM (Dulbecco's modified eagle medium, Biochrom) with 10% FCS (fetal calf serum, Biochrom), 2 mM L-glutamine (Biochromone) mM sodium pyruvate (Biochrom), 1×NEAA (nonessential amino acids, Biochrom), and penicillin/streptomycin (100 IU/100 μg/ml, Biochrom). In order to maintain the cells in an exponential growth state, the cells were passaged every 3 days. 24 hours before dsRNA application by means of transfection, the cells were trypsinized (10× trypsin/EDTA, Biochrom, Germany) and placed in a 6-well plate (6-well plates, Schubert & Weiss Laboratories, GmbH) in 1.5 μl growth medium.

[0137] DsRNA Application in Cultured U-87 MG Cells:

[0138] Cells were transfected with dsRNA using the OLIGOFECTAMINE™ reagent (Life Technologies) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Total transfection volume was 1 ml. First, the dsRNA was diluted in serum-free medium: 0.5 μl of a 20 μM stock solution of specific anti-EGFR directed dsRNA and 9.5 μl of a 20 μM stock solution of nonspecific dsRNA (K1A/K2B) diluted with 175 μl serum-free medium (200 nM dsRNA in the transfection incubate or 10 nM specific EGFR-dsRNA) per well. The OLIGOFECTAMINE™ reagent was also diluted in serum-free medium: 3 μl with 12 μl medium per well and then incubated for 10 minutes at room temperature. Then the diluted OLIGOFECTAMINE™ reagent was added to the medium of diluted dsRNA, mixed, and incubated for a further 20 minutes at room temperature. The medium was changed during incubation. The cells were washed 1× with 1 ml serum-free medium and further incubated with 800 μl serum-free medium until the dsRNA/OLIGOFECTAMINE™ reagent was added. After the addition of 200 μl dsRNA/OLIGOFECTAMINE™ reagent per well, the cells incubated up until protein isolation.

[0139] Protein Isolation:

[0140] Approximately 72 hours after transfection, the cells were harvested and total protein was isolated. The medium was removed, and the cell monolayer was washed once with PBS. After the addition of 200 μl protein isolation buffer (lx “Complete” protease inhibitor, Roche, 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 2.5 mM EGTA, 10% glycerin, 0.1% Tween-20, 1 mM DTT, 10 mM β-glycerine phosphate, 1 mM NaF, 0.1 mM Na₃VO₄) the cells were removed with the help of a cell scraper, incubated for 10 minutes on ice, transferred to an Eppendorf reagent vessel, and stored at −80° C. for at least 30 minutes. After thawing, the lysate was homogenized at the third setting for 10 seconds with a disperser (DIAX 900, 6G disperser, Heidolph Instruments GmbH, Schwabach), incubated on ice for 10 minutes, and then centrifuged for 15 minutes at 14,000×g at 4° C. (3K30, Sigma). Quantitation of total protein in the supernatant was determined according to Bradford using the Roti-Nanoquant system from Roth (Roth GmbH, Karlsruhe) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. 200 μl protein solution at a suitable dilution is mixed with 800 μl Ix working solution, and extinction was measured in semi-microcuvettes at 450 nm and 590 nm against distilled water in a Beckman spectrophotometer (DU 250). BSA dilutions were used for calibration (beaded BSA, Sigma).

[0141] SDS Gel Electrophoresis:

[0142] Denaturing, discontinuous 15% SDS-PAGE (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) according to Läemmli (Nature 277: 680-685, 1970) was carried out in a Multigel-Long electrophoresis chamber (Whatman Biometra GmbH, Rudolf Wissell Str. 30, 37079 Göttingen). The separation gel was poured on to a thickness of 1.5 mm: 7.5 ml acrylamide/bisacrylamide (30%, 0.9%); 3.8 ml 1.5 M Tris/HCl, pH 8.4; 150 μl 10% SDS; 3.3 ml distilled water; 250 μl ammonium persulfate (10%); 9 μl TEMED (N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylendiamine), and covered over with 0.1% SDS until polymerization occurred. A collection gel was then poured on: 0.83 μl acrylamide/bisacrylamide (30%, 0.9%), 630 μl 1 M tris/HCl, pH 6.8; 3.4 ml distilled water; 501 μl 10% SDS; 50 μl 10% ammonium persulfate; 5 μl TEMED.

[0143] A corresponding quantity of 4× sample buffer (200 mM Tris, pH 6.8, 4% SDS, 100 mM DTT (dithiotreithol), 0.02% bromophenol blue, 20% glycerin) was then added to the proteins, which were then denatured on a heat block at 100° C., centrifuged on ice after cooling off, and then applied to the gel (35 μg total protein/lane). Protein electrophoresis was carried out at room temperature at a constant 50V. The protein gel marker Kaleidoscope Prestained Standard (Bio-Rad Laboratories GmbH, Heidemannstr. 164, 80939 Munich) was used as molecular marker.

[0144] Western Blot and Immunodetection:

[0145] Transfer of the proteins from SDS-PAGE to a PVDF (polyvinyl difluoride) membrane (Hybond-P, Amersham) was done using a semidry method according to Kyhse-Anderson (J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 10:203-210, 1984) at room temperature and a constant 0.8 mA/cm² for 1.5 hours. A cathode buffer (30 mM Tris, 40 mM glycine, 10% methanol, and 0.1% SDS, pH 9.4), anode buffer 1 (300 mM Tris, pH 10.4, 10% methanol), and anode buffer II (30 mM Tris, pH 10.4, 10% methanol) were used as the transfer buffers. Before assembling the blot stack with 3MM Whatman paper (Schleicher & Schüll) the gel was incubated in cathode buffer, and the PVDF membrane (previously for 30 seconds in 100% methanol) in anode buffer II (5 minutes): 2 layers of 3MM paper (anode buffer I), 1 layer 3MM paper (anode buffer II), PVDF membrane, gel, 3 layers 3MM paper (cathode buffer). To analyze electrophoretic transfer, both the post-blot gels and the blot membranes were stained after immunodetection using Coomassie (0.1% Coomassie G250, 45% methanol, 10% glacial acetic acid).

[0146] After transfer, the blot membrane was incubated in 1% skim milk powder/PBS/0.1% Tween-20 for one hour at room temperature. After that, the membrane was washed three times for 3 minutes with 0.1% Tween-20/PBS. All subsequent antibody incubations and washings were done using 0.1% Tween-20/PBS. The primary antibody (human EGFR extracellular domain, specific goat IgG, Catalogue No. AF231, R&D Systems) was incubated with shaking for two hours at room temperature at a concentration of 1.5 μg/ml. After washing 3×5 minutes, the membrane was incubated for one hour at room temperature with the secondary antibody (labeled donkey anti-goat IgG horseradish peroxidase, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) at a dilution of 1:10,000. After washing (3×3 minutes in PBS/0.1% Tween-20) horseradish peroxidase was detected by ECL reaction (enhanced chemoluminescence). To 18 ml of distilled water, 200 μl Solution A (250 mM luminol, Roth, dissolved in DMSO), 89 μl Solution B (90 mM p-coumaric acid, Sigma, dissolved in DMSO), and 2 ml 30% H₂O₂ solution were added. Depending on membrane size, 4-6 ml were pipetted directly onto the membrane, incubated for 1 minute at room temperature, and then placed immediately on X-Ray film (Biomax MS, Kodak).

[0147] The sequences used here are depicted in Table 3 below, as well as in sequence protocols SQ153, 157, 158, 168-173. TABLE 3 ES-7 SQ168 (A) 5′-AACACCGCAGCAUGUCAAGAU-3′ 2-19-2 SQ169 (B) 3′-UUUUGUGGCGUCGUACAGUUC-5′ ES-8 SQ170 (A) 5′-AAGUUAAAAUUCCCGUCGCUAU-3′ 2⁵-19-2⁵ SQ171 (B) 3′-CAAUUUUAAGGGCAGCGAUAGU-5′ ES2A/ES5B SQ172 (A) 5′-AGUGUGAUCCAAGCUGUCCCAA-3′ 0-22-2 SQ173 (B) 3′-UUUCACACUAGGUUCGACAGGGUU-5′ K2 SQ157 (A) 5′-ACAGGAUGAGGAUCGUUUCGCAUG-3′ 2-22-2 SQ158 (B) 3′-UCUGUCCUACUCCUAGCAAAGCGU-5′ K1A/K2B SQ153 (A) 5′-ACAGGAUGAGGAUCGUUUCGCA-3′ 0-22-2 SQ158 (B) 3′-UCUGUCCUACUCCUAGCAAAGCGU-5′

Example 4 Inhibition of EGFR Expression in U-87 MG Glioblastoma Cells

[0148] 24 hours after seeding the cells, U-87 MG glioblastoma cells were transfected with 10 nM dsRNA and oligofectamine. After 72 hours, the cells were harvested and total protein isolated and loaded on to a 7.5% SDS-PAGE gel. 35 μg total protein was applied to each lane. The corresponding Western blot analysis (see FIG. 24) shows that with the specific anti-EGFR-directed dsRNA with a 2 nt overhang at the 3′-end of the antisense strand, EGFR expression in U-87 MG cells is significantly inhibited in comparison to the corresponding controls. This inhibition of expression of an endogenous gene by means of specific dsRNA confirms the results noted in Example II. The inhibition of EGFR expression mediated by ES-7 and ES-8 is notably smaller. The dsRNAs used in FIG. 24 are shown in Table 3.

Example 5 Treatment of a Breast Cancer Patient with EGFR siRNA

[0149] In this Example, EGFR-specific double stranded siRNA is injected into a breast cancer patient and shown to specifically inhibit EGFR gene expression.

[0150] SiRNA Synthesis

[0151] EGFR-specific siRNAs directed against the fusion sequence of EGFR are chemically synthesized with or without a hexaethylene glycol linker as described above

[0152] siRNA Administration and Dosage

[0153] The present example provides for pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of human breast cancer patients comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a EGFR-specific siRNA as disclosed herein, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. SiRNAs useful according to the invention may be formulated for oral or parenteral administration. The pharmaceutical compositions may be administered in any effective, convenient manner including, for instance, administration by topical, oral, anal, vaginal, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intranasal or intradermal routes among others. One of skill in the art can readily prepare siRNAs for injection using such carriers that include, but are not limited to, saline, buffered saline, dextrose, water, glycerol, ethanol, and combinations thereof. Additional examples of suitable carriers are found in standard pharmaceutical texts, e.g. “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences”, 16th edition, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1980.

[0154] The dosage of the siRNAs will vary depending on the form of administration. In the case of an injection, the therapeutically effective dose of siRNA per injection is in a dosage range of approximately 1-500 g/kg body weight, preferably 100 g/kg body weight. In addition to the active ingredient, the compositions usually also contain suitable buffers, for example phosphate buffer, to maintain an appropriate pH and sodium chloride, glucose or mannitol to make the solution isotonic. The administering physician will determine the daily dosage which will be most suitable for an individual and will vary with the age, gender, weight and response of the particular individual, as well as the severity of the patient's symptoms. The above dosages are exemplary of the average case. There can, of course, be individual instances where higher or lower dosage ranges are merited, and such are within the scope of this invention. The siRNAs of the present invention may be administered alone or with additional siRNA species or in combination with other pharmaceuticals.

[0155] RNA Purification and Analysis

[0156] Efficacy of the siRNA treatment is determined at defined intervals after the initiation of treatment using real time PCR or RNAse protection assays on total RNA extracted tissue bipsies. Cytoplasmic RNA from whole blood, taken prior to and during treatment, is purified with the help of the RNeasy Kit (Qiagen, Hilden) and Bcr-abl mRNA levels are quantitated by real time RT-PCR. Real-time Taqman-RT-PCR is performed as described previously (Eder M et al. Leukemia 1999; 13: 1383-1389; Scherr M et al. BioTechniques. 2001; 31: 520-526). Analysis by real time PCR at regular intervals, for example every 1-2 weeks, provides the attending physician with a rapid and accurate assessment of treatment efficacy as well as the opportunity to modify the treatment regimen in response to the patient's symptoms and disease progression.

Example 6 EGFR-Specific siRNA Expression Vectors

[0157] In another aspect of the invention, siRNA molecules that interact with target RNA molecules and modulate gene expression activity are expressed from transcription units inserted into DNA or RNA vectors (see for example Couture et A, 1996, TIG., 12, 510, Skillern et A, International PCT Publication No. WO 00/22113, Conrad, International PCT Publication No. WO 00/22114, and Conrad, U.S. Pat. No. 6,054,299). These transgenes can be introduced as a linear construct, a circular plasmid, or a viral vector, which can be incorporated and inherited as a transgene integrated into the host genome. The transgene can also be constructed to permit it to be inherited as an extrachromosomal plasmid (Gassmann et al., 1995, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:1292).

[0158] The individual strands of a siRNA can be transcribed by promoters on two separate expression vectors and cotransfected into a target cell. Alternatively each individual strand of the siRNA can be transcribed by promoters both of which are located on the same expression plasmid. In a preferred embodiment, the siRNA is expressed as an inverted repeat joined by a linker polynucleotide sequence such that the siRNA has a stem and loop structure.

[0159] The recombinant siRNA expression vectors are preferably DNA plasmids or viral vectors. siRNA expressing viral vectors can be constructed based on, but not limited to, adeno-associated virus (for a review, see Muzyczka et al. (1992, Curr. Topics in Micro. and Immunol. 158:97-129)), adenovirus (see, for example, Berkner et al. (1988, BioTechniques 6:616), Rosenfeld et al. (1991, Science 252:431-434), and Rosenfeld et al. (1992, Cell 68:143-155)), or alphavirus as well as others known in the art. Retroviruses have been used to introduce a variety of genes into many different cell types, including epithelial cells, in vitro and/or in vivo (see for example Eglitis, et al., 1985, Science 230:1395-1398; Danos and Mulligan, 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:6460-6464; Wilson et al., 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:3014-3018; Armentano et al., 1990, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:61416145; Huber et al., 1991, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:8039-8043; Ferry et al., 1991, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:8377-8381; Chowdhury et al., 1991, Science 254:1802-1805; van Beusechem. et al., 1992, Proc. Nad. Acad. Sci. USA 89:7640-19; Kay et al., 1992, Human Gene Therapy 3:641-647; Dai et al., 1992, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10892-10895; Hwu et al., 1993, J. Immunol. 150:4104-4115; U.S. Pat. No. 4,868,116; U.S. Pat. No. 4,980,286; PCT Application WO 89/07136; PCT Application WO 89/02468; PCT Application WO 89/05345; and PCT Application WO 92/07573). Recombinant retroviral vectors capable of transducing and expressing genes inserted into the genome of a cell can be produced by transfecting the recombinant retroviral genome into suitable packaging cell lines such as PA317 and Psi-CRIP (Comette et al., 1991, Human Gene Therapy 2:5-10; Cone et al., 1984, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:6349). Recombinant adenoviral vectors can be used to infect a wide variety of cells and tissues in susceptible hosts (e.g., rat, hamster, dog, and chimpanzee) (Hsu et al., 1992, J. Infectious Disease, 166:769), and also have the advantage of not requiring mitotically active cells for infection.

[0160] The promoter driving siRNA expression in either a DNA plasmid or viral vector of the invention may be a eukaryotic RNA polymerase I (e.g. ribosomal RNA promoter), RNA polymerase II (e.g. CMV early promoter or actin promoter or U1 snRNA promoter) or preferably RNA polymerase III promoter (e.g. U6 snRNA or 7SK RNA promoter) or a prokaryotic promoter, for example the T7 promoter, provided the expression plasmid also encodes T7 RNA polymerase required for transcription from a T7 promoter. The promoter can also direct transgene expression to specific organs or cell types (see, e.g., Lasko et al., 1992, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:6232). Several tissue-specific regulatory sequences are known in the art including the albumin regulatory sequence for liver (Pinkert et al., 1987, Genes Dev. 1:268276); the endothelin regulatory sequence for endothelial cells (Lee, 1990, J. Biol. Chem. 265:10446-50); the keratin regulatory sequence for epidennis; the myosin light chain-2 regulatory sequence for heart (Lee et al., 1992, J. Biol. Chem. 267:15875-85), and the insulin regulatory sequence for pancreas (Bucchini et al., 1986, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:2511-2515), or the vav regulatory sequence for hematopoietic cells (Oligvy et al., 1999, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:14943-14948). Another suitable regulatory sequence, which directs constitutive expression of transgenes in cells of hematopoietic origin, is the murine MHC class I regulatory sequence (Morello et al., 1986, EMBO J. 5:1877-1882). Since NMC expression is induced by cytokines, expression of a test gene operably linked to this promoter can be upregulated in the presence of cytokines.

[0161] In addition, expression of the transgene can be precisely regulated, for example, by using an inducible regulatory sequence and expression systems such as a regulatory sequence that is sensitive to certain physiological regulators, e.g., circulating glucose levels, or hormones (Docherty et al., 1994, FASEB J. 8:20-24). Such inducible expression systems, suitable for the control of transgene expression in cells or in mammals include regulation by ecdysone, by estrogen, progesterone, tetracycline, chemical inducers of dimerization, and isopropyl-beta-D1-thiogalactopyranoside (EPTG). A person skilled in the art would be able to choose the appropriate regulatory/promoter sequence based on the intended use of the siRNA transgene.

[0162] Preferably, recombinant vectors capable of expressing siRNA molecules are delivered as described below, and persist in target cells. Alternatively, viral vectors can be used that provide for transient expression of siRNA molecules. Such vectors can be repeatedly administered as necessary. Once expressed, the siRNAs bind to target RNA and modulate its function or expression. Delivery of siRNA expressing vectors can be systemic, such as by intravenous or intramuscular administration, by administration to target cells ex-planted from the patient followed by reintroduction into the patient, or by any other means that allows for introduction into a desired target cell.

[0163] SiRNA expression DNA plasmids are typically transfected into target cells as a complex with cationic lipid carriers (e.g. Oligofectamine) or non-cationic lipid-based carriers (e.g. Transit-TKO™). Multiple lipid transfections for siRNA-mediated knockdowns targeting different regions of a single target gene or multiple target genes over a period of a week or more are also contemplated by the present invention. Successful introduction of the vectors of the invention into host cells can be monitored using various known methods. For example, transient transfection. can be signaled with a reporter, such as a fluorescent marker, such as Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). Stable transfection. of ex vivo cells can be ensured using markers that provide the transfected cell with resistance to specific environmental factors (e.g., antibiotics and drugs), such as hygromycin B resistance.

[0164] For a review of techniques that can be used to generate and assess transgenic animals, skilled artisans can consult Gordon (IwL Rev. CytoL 115:171-229, 1989), and may obtain additional guidance from, for example: Hogan et al. “Manipulating the Mouse Embryo” (Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1986; Krimpenfort et al., Bio/Technology 9:86, 1991; Palmiter et al., Cell 41:343, 1985; Kraemer et al., “Genetic Manipulation of the Early Mammalian Embryo,” Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1985; Hammer et al., Nature 315:680, 1985; Purcel et al., Scieizce, 244:1281, 1986; Wagner et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,175,385; and Krimpenfort et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,175,384.

[0165] The EGFR-specific siRNAs described above can also be generally inserted into vectors and used as gene therapy vectors for human patients. Gene therapy vectors can be delivered to a subject by, for example, intravenous injection, local administration (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,328,470) or by stereotactic injection (see e.g., Chen et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:3054-3057). The pharmaceutical preparation of the gene therapy vector can include the gene therapy vector in an acceptable diluent, or can comprise a slow release matrix in which the gene delivery vehicle is imbedded. Alternatively, where the complete gene delivery vector can be produced intact from recombinant cells, e.g., retroviral vectors, the pharmaceutical preparation can include one or more cells which produce the gene delivery system.

Example 7 Method of Determining an Effective Dose of a siRNA

[0166] A therapeutically effective amount of a composition containing a sequence that encodes an EGFR-specific siRNA, (i.e., an effective dosage), is an amount that inhibits expression of the polypeptide encoded by the EGFR target gene by at least 10 percent. Higher percentages of inhibition, e.g., 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 75, 85, 90 percent or higher may be preferred in certain embodiments. Exemplary doses include milligram or microgram amounts of the molecule per kilogram of subject or sample weight (e.g., about 1 microgram per kilogram to about 500 milligrams per kilogram, about 100 micrograms per kilogram to about 5 milligrams per kilogram, or about 1 microgram per kilogram to about 50 micrograms per kilogram). The compositions can be administered one time per week for between about 1 to 10 weeks, e.g., between 2 to 8 weeks, or between about 3 to 7 weeks, or for about 4, 5, or 6 weeks. The skilled artisan will appreciate that certain factors may influence the dosage and timing required to effectively treat a subject, including but not limited to the severity of the disease or disorder, previous treatments, the general health and/or age of the subject, and other diseases present. Moreover, treatment of a subject with a therapeutically effective amount of a composition can include a single treatment or a series of treatments. In some cases transient expression of the siRNA may be desired. When an inducible promoter is included in the construct encoding an siRNA, expression is assayed upon delivery to the subject of an appropriate dose of the substance used to induce expression.

[0167] Appropriate doses of a composition depend upon the potency of the molecule (the sequence encoding the siRNA) with respect to the expression or activity to be modulated. One or more of these molecules can be administered to an animal (e.g., a human) to modulate expression or activity of one or more target polypeptides. A physician may, for example, prescribe a relatively low dose at first, subsequently increasing the dose until an appropriate response is obtained. In addition, it is understood that the specific dose level for any particular subject will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, gender, and diet of the subject, the time of administration, the route of administration, the rate of excretion, any drug combination, and the degree of expression or activity to be modulated.

[0168] The efficacy of treatment can be monitored either by measuring the amount of the target gene mRNA (e.g. using real time PCR) or the amount of polypeptide encoded by the target gene mRNA (Western blot analysis). In addition, the attending physician will monitor the symptoms associated with the disease or disorder afflicting the patient and compare with those symptoms recorded prior to the initiation of siRNA treatment.

Example 8 Inhibiting Expression of Multi-Drug Resistance Gene 1 (MDR1) Using a MDR-1 Specific siRNA

[0169] Inhibition of MDR1 expression by MDR-1 specific siRNA was tested using the colon cancer cell line LS174T (ATCC—American Type Culture Collection; Tom et al., 1976). Expression of MDR1 in this cell line is inducible by adding rifampicin to the culture medium (Geick et al., 2001). Cells were transfected with MDR-1 specific siRNA using a variety of commercially available transfection kits (Lipofectamine, Oligofectamine, both from Invitrogen; TransMessenger, Qiagen), of which the TransMessenger kit proved to be the most suitable for this cell line.

[0170] Four short double-stranded ribonucleic acids (R1-R4) were tested (see Table 4). The ribonucleic acids are homologous with segments of the coding sequence of MDR1 (sequence protocol SQ 30). Sequences R1-R3 consist of a 22-mer sense strand and a 24-mer antisense strand, whereby the resulting double strand exhibits a 2-nucleotide overhang at its 3′-end (0-22-2).

[0171] Sequence R4 corresponds to R1; however it consists of a 19-mer double-stranded, each with 2-nucleotide overhangs at each 3′-end (2-19-2). TABLE 4 Sequence Position in protocol Data bank- Name No. Sequence # AF016535 Seq R1 SQ141 5′- CCA UCU CGA AAA GAA GUU AAG A-3′ 1320-1342 SQ142 3′-UG GGU AGA GCU UUU CUU CAA UUC U-5′ 1335-1318 Seq R2 SQ143 5′- UAU AGG UUC CAG GCU UGC UGU A-3′ 2599-2621 SQ152 3′-CG AUA UCC AAG GUC CGA ACG ACA U-5′ 2621-2597 Seq R3 SQ144 5′- CCA GAG AAG GCC GCA CCU GCA U-3′ 3778-3799 SQ145 3′-UC GGU CUC UUC CGG CGU GGA CGU A-5′ 3799-3776 Seq R4 SQ146 5′- CCA UCU CGA AAA GAA GUU AAG-3′ 1320-1341 SQ147 3′-UG GGU AGA GCU UUU CUU CAA U-5′ 1339-1318 Position in Data bank- # AF402779 K1A/K2B SQ153 5′- ACA GGA UGA GGA UCG UUU CGC A-3′ 2829-2808 SQ158 3′-UC UGU CCU ACU CCU AGC AAA GCG U-5′ 2808-2831

[0172] The sequences shown in Table 4 are designated as sequences SQ141-147, 152, 153, and 158 in the sequence protocol. Cells were first seeded in 12-well plates at 3.8×10⁵ cells/well. A day later, dsRNA was transfected into the cells in duplicate at a concentration of 175 nM. For each transfection assay, 93.3 μl EC-R buffer (TransMessenger kits, Qiagen, Hilden) was mixed with 3.2 μl Enhancer R prior to the addition of 3.5 μl of the particular 20 μM dsRNA, mixed well, and incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature. After the addition of 6 μl TransMessenger transfection reagent, the transfection assay was mixed vigorously for 10 seconds, and then incubated for a further 10 minutes at room temperature. The cells were then washed once with PBS (phosphate-buffered saline), and 200 μl fresh medium without FCS was added to the cells in each well. After 10-minute incubation, 100 μl FCS-free medium was pipetted into each transfection assay, mixed, and the mixture was then pipetted drop by drop onto the cells (the dsRNA concentration of 175 μM relates to 400 μl medium total volume). The dsRNA/TransMessenger complexes were incubated with the cells for 4 hours at 37° C. in FCS-free medium. The medium was then changed and replaced with fresh medium containing 10 μM rifampin and 10% FCS. A non-specific dsRNA sequence that exhibits no homologies with the MDR1 gene sequence was used (K) as a control, and a MOCK transfection was conducted that contained all reagents except for dsRNA.

[0173] The cells were harvested after 24, 48, and 72 hours, and total RNA was extracted with the RNeasy mini kit from Qiagen. 10 μg total protein from each sample was then separated by electrophoresis on a 1% agarose-formaldehyde gel, blotted on a nylon membrane, and then hybridized as an internal control with specific probes that had been random-marked with 5′-α³²p-dCTP, first against MDR1, and after the blot had been stripped, against GAPDH, and then exposed on x-ray film. The x-ray film was digitized (Image Master, VDS, Pharmacia) and quantified using Image-Quant software and standardized against the GAPDH signal.

[0174]FIGS. 25 and 26 show Northern blots (FIGS. 26a, 26 a) with quantitative analysis of the MDR1-specific signal after adjustment with the corresponding GAPDH values (FIGS. 25b, 26 p). A reduction in the MDR1 mRNA by as much as 55% was observed in comparison to the MOCK transfection, and by as much as 45% in comparison to the non-specific control transfection. After 48 hours there was a significant reduction in the MDR1-mRNA level in the dsRNA constructs designated as R1, R2, and R3 (Table 4). With the R4 dsRNA constructs, no significant reduction compared to controls was observed after 48 hours (FIGS. 26a and 26 b). After 74 hours, there was an even stronger reduction in MDR1-mRNA levels in the presence of R1, R2, and R3 as compared to the values observed at 48 hours (FIGS. 25a and 26 b). A significant decrease in the MDR1-mRNA level was seen at this time with R4 as well. Thus, the constructs with a 2 nt overhang at the 3′-end of the antisense strand and a double-stranded region consisting of 22 nucleotide pairs reduces the MDR1-mRNA level more efficiently than do constructs with 2 nt overhangs at the 3′-end of both strands (antisense strand and sense strand) and a double-stranded region consisting of 19 nucleotide pairs, apparently independent of the sequence region homologous to the MDR1 gene in each case (after 48 hours; FIG. 26b). The results strengthen the findings in Example IV, which describe the inhibition of EGFR gene expression by means of specific dsRNAs after transfection in U-87 MG cells.

[0175] Transfection efficiency was determined in a separate experiment with the help of a DNA oligonucleotide marked with Texas red (TexRed-A[GATC]₅T; also transfected with 175 nM) (FIGS. 27a, 27 b; 400× enlargement, 48 hours after transfection). Transfection efficiency was approximately 50% on the basis of red fluorescent cells in comparison to total cell number. If one takes the transfection rate of cells of approximately 50% into consideration, then the observed decrease in the MDR1-mRNA level by approximately 45-55% (compared with the controls) indicates that MDR1-mRNA was almost completely and specifically broken down in all cells that were successfully transfected with specific dsRNA. 

We claim:
 1. A double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA), comprising a complementary RNA strand and a sense RNA strand, wherein the sense RNA strand comprises a nucleotide sequence which is substantially identical to at least a part of a target gene, wherein the complementary RNA strand comprises a complementary nucleotide sequence which is complementary to an mRNA transcript of a portion of the target gene, wherein the complementary RNA strand comprises a 3′-end and a 5′-end, wherein the 3′-end has a nucleotide overhang of 1 to 4 nucleotides and wherein the 5′-end is blunt, and wherein the dsRNA is no more than 49 nucleotides in length.
 2. The dsRNA of claim 1, wherein the dsRNA is less than 25 nucleotides in length.
 3. The dsRNA of claim 1, wherein the dsRNA is 19 to 23 nucleotides in length.
 4. The dsRNA of claim 1, wherein the nucleotide overhang is 1 or 2 nucleotides in length.
 5. The dsRNA of claim 1, wherein the nucleotides of the nucleotide overhang are replaced with nucleoside thiophosphates.
 6. The dsRNA of claim 1, further comprising a linker between the complementary RNA strand and the sense RNA strand.
 7. The dsRNA of claim 6, wherein the linker is a chemical linker.
 8. The dsRNA of claim 7, wherein the chemical linker is selected from the group consisting of a hexaethylene glycol linker, apoly-(oxyphosphinico-oxy-1,3-propandiol) linker, and an oligoethyleneglycol linker.
 9. The dsRNA of claim 7, wherein the chemical linker is a hexaethylene glycol linker.
 10. The dsRNA of claim 6, wherein the linker is between the 5′-end of the complementary RNA strand and the 3′-end of the sense RNA strand.
 11. The dsRNA of claim 1, wherein the target gene is selected from the group of genes consisting of an oncogene, a cytokine gene, an idiotype protein gene, a prion gene, a gene that encodes a protein that induces angiogenesis, a gene that encodes an adhesion protein, a gene that encodes a cell surface receptor, a gene that encodes a protein involved in a metastasizing and/or invasive process, a gene that encodes a proteinase, a gene that encodes a protein that regulates apoptosis, a gene that encodes a EGF receptor, or a MDR1 gene.
 12. The dsRNA of claim 1, wherein the target gene is an MDR1 gene.
 13. The dsRNA of claim 1, wherein the target gene is a gene of a human papilloma virus, a hepatitis C virus, or a human immunodeficiency virus.
 14. The dsRNA of claim 1, where the target gene comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO:1-140.
 15. A method of inhibiting the expression of a target gene in a cell, the method comprising: (a) introducing into the cell a double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA), wherein the dsRNA comprises a complementary RNA strand and a sense RNA strand, wherein the sense RNA strand comprises a nucleotide sequence which is substantially identical to at least a part of the target gene, wherein the complementary RNA strand comprises a complementary nucleotide sequence which is complementary to an mRNA transcript of a portion of the target gene, wherein the complementary RNA strand comprises a 3′-end and a 5′-end, wherein the 3′-end has a nucleotide overhang of 1 to 4 nucleotides and wherein the 5′-end is blunt, and wherein the dsRNA is no more than 49 nucleotides in length; and (b) maintaining the cell produced in step (a) for a time sufficient to obtain degradation of the mRNA transcript of the target gene, thereby inhibiting expression of the target gene in the cell.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the dsRNA is less than 25 nucleotides in length.
 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the dsRNA is 19 to 23 nucleotides in length.
 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the nucleotide overhang is 1 or 2 nucleotides in length.
 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the nucleotides of the nucleotide overhang are replaced with nucleoside thiophosphates.
 20. The method of claim 15, further comprising a linker between the complementary RNA strand and the sense RNA strand.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the linker is a chemical linker.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the chemical linker is selected from the group consisting of a hexaethylene glycol linker, apoly-(oxyphosphinico-oxy-1,3-propandiol) linker, and an oligoethyleneglycol linker.
 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the chemical linker is a hexaethylene glycol linker.
 24. The method of claim 20, wherein the linker is between the 5′-end of the complementary RNA strand and the 3′-end of the sense RNA strand.
 25. The method of claim 15, wherein the target gene is selected from the group of genes consisting of an oncogene, a cytokine gene, an idiotype protein gene, a prion gene, a gene that encodes a protein that induces angiogenesis, a gene that encodes an adhesion protein, a gene that encodes a cell surface receptor, a gene that encodes a protein involved in a metastasizing and/or invasive process, a gene that encodes a proteinase, a gene that encodes a protein that regulates apoptosis, a gene that encodes a EGF receptor, or a MDR1 gene.
 26. The method of claim 15, wherein the target gene is an MDR1 gene.
 27. The method of claim 15, wherein the target gene is a gene of a human papilloma virus, a hepatitis C virus, or a human immunodeficiency virus.
 28. The method of claim 15, where the target gene comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO:1-140.
 29. A pharmaceutical composition for inhibiting the expression of a target gene in a mammal, comprising: (a) a double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA), wherein the dsRNA comprises a complementary RNA strand and a sense RNA strand, wherein the sense RNA strand comprises a nucleotide sequence which is substantially identical to at least a part of the target gene, wherein the complementary RNA strand comprises a complementary nucleotide sequence which is complementary to an mRNA transcript of a portion of the target gene, wherein the complementary RNA strand comprises a 3′-end and a 5′-end, wherein the 3′-end has a nucleotide overhang of 1 to 4 nucleotides and wherein the 5′-end is blunt, and wherein the dsRNA is no more than 49 nucleotides in length; and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 30. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 29, wherein the dosage unit of dsRNA is in a range of 0.01 to 5.0 milligrams (mg), 0.1 to 200 micrograms, 0.1 to 100 micrograms, 1.0 to 50 micrograms, or 1.0 to 25 micrograms per kilogram body weight of the mammal.
 31. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 29, wherein the dosage unit of dsRNA is less than 25 micrograms per kilogram body weight of the mammal.
 32. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 29, wherein the dsRNA is less than 25 nucleotides in length.
 33. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 29, wherein the dsRNA is 19 to 23 nucleotides in length.
 34. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 29, wherein the nucleotide overhang is 1 or 2 nucleotides in length.
 35. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 29, wherein the nucleotides of the nucleotide overhang are replaced with nucleoside thiophosphates.
 36. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 29, further comprising a linker between the complementary RNA strand and the sense RNA strand.
 37. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 36, wherein the linker is a chemical linker.
 38. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 37, wherein the chemical linker is selected from the group consisting of a hexaethylene glycol linker, apoly-(oxyphosphinico-oxy-1,3-propandiol) linker, and an oligoethyleneglycol linker.
 39. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 37, wherein the chemical linker is a hexaethylene glycol linker.
 40. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 3, wherein the linker is between the 5′-end of the complementary RNA strand and the 3′-end of the sense RNA strand.
 41. The pharmaceutical composition claim 29, wherein the target gene is selected from the group of genes consisting of an oncogene, a cytokine gene, an idiotype protein gene, a prion gene, a gene that encodes a protein that induces angiogenesis, a gene that encodes an adhesion protein, a gene that encodes a cell surface receptor, a gene that encodes a protein involved in a metastasizing and/or invasive process, a gene that encodes a proteinase, a gene that encodes a protein that regulates apoptosis, a gene that encodes a EGF receptor, or a MDR1 gene.
 42. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 29, wherein the target gene is an MDR1 gene.
 43. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 29, wherein the target gene is a gene of a human papilloma virus, a hepatitis C virus, or a human immunodeficiency virus.
 44. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 29, where the target gene comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO:1-140.
 45. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 29, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is an aqueous solution.
 46. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 45, wherein the aqueous solution is phosphate buffered saline.
 47. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 29, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises a micellar structure selected from the group consisting of a liposome, capsid, capsoid, polymeric nanocapsule, and polymeric microcapsule.
 48. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 47, wherein the polymeric nanocapsule and polymeric microcapsule comprise polybutylcyanoacrylate.
 49. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 29, which is formulated to be administered by inhalation, infusion, injection, or orally.
 50. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 29, which is formulated to be administered by intravenous or intraperitoneal injection.
 51. A method for treating a disease caused by the expression of a target gene in a mammal, which comprises administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising a double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the dsRNA comprises a complementary RNA strand and a sense RNA strand, wherein the sense RNA strand comprises a nucleotide sequence which is substantially identical to at least a part of the target gene, wherein the complementary RNA strand comprises a complementary nucleotide sequence which is complementary to an mRNA transcript of a portion of the target gene, wherein the complementary RNA strand comprises a 3′-end and a 5′-end, wherein the 3′-end has a nucleotide overhang of 1 to 4 nucleotides and wherein the 5′-end is blunt, and wherein the dsRNA is no more than 49 nucleotides in length.
 52. The method of claim 51, wherein the dosage unit of dsRNA is in a range of 0.01 to 5.0 milligrams (mg), 0.1 to 200 micrograms, 0.1 to 100 micrograms, 1.0 to 50 micrograms, or 1.0 to 25 micrograms per kilogram body weight of the mammal.
 53. The method of claim 51, wherein the dosage unit of dsRNA is less than 25 micrograms per kilogram body weight of the mammal.
 54. The method of claim 51, wherein the dsRNA is less than 25 nucleotides in length.
 55. The method of claim 51, wherein the dsRNA is 19 to 23 nucleotides in length.
 56. The method of claim 51, wherein the nucleotide overhang is 1 or 2 nucleotides in length.
 57. The method of claim 51, wherein the nucleotides of the nucleotide overhang are replaced with nucleoside thiophosphates.
 58. The method of claim 51, further comprising a linker between the complementary RNA strand and the sense RNA strand.
 59. The method of claim 58, wherein the linker is a chemical linker.
 60. The method of claim 59, wherein the chemical linker is selected from the group consisting of a hexaethylene glycol linker, apoly-(oxyphosphinico-oxy-1,3-propandiol) linker, and an oligoethyleneglycol linker.
 61. The method of claim 59, wherein the chemical linker is a hexaethylene glycol linker.
 62. The method of claim 58, wherein the linker is between the 5′-end of the complementary RNA strand and the 3′-end of the sense RNA strand.
 63. The method of claim 51, wherein the target gene is selected from the group of genes consisting of an oncogene, a cytokine gene, an idiotype protein gene, a prion gene, a gene that encodes a protein that induces angiogenesis, a gene that encodes an adhesion protein, a gene that encodes a cell surface receptor, a gene that encodes a protein involved in a metastasizing and/or invasive process, a gene that encodes a proteinase, a gene that encodes a protein that regulates apoptosis, a gene that encodes a EGF receptor, or a MDR1 gene.
 64. The method of claim 51, wherein the target gene is an MDR 1 gene.
 65. The method of claim 51, wherein the target gene is a gene of a human papilloma virus, a hepatitis C virus, or a human immunodeficiency virus.
 66. The method of claim 51, where the target gene comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO:1-140.
 67. The method of claim 51, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is an aqueous solution.
 68. The method of claim 67, wherein the aqueous solution is phosphate buffered saline.
 69. The method of claim 51, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises a micellar structure selected from the group consisting of a liposome, capsid, capsoid, polymeric nanocapsule, and polymeric microcapsule.
 70. The method of claim 69, wherein the polymeric nanocapsule and polymeric microcapsule comprise polybutylcyanoacrylate.
 71. The method of claim 51, which is formulated to be administered by inhalation, infusion, injection, or orally.
 72. The method of claim 51, which is formulated to be administered by intravenous or intraperitoneal injection. 